ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå) Ïht;lt xtv j,hfnbnmcz ytgjchtlcndtyyj r pfzdktyyjq d yfpdfybb cnfnmb ntvt, yfv [jntkjcm ,s jcnfyjdbnmcz [jnz ,s rhfnrj yf nt[ cjj,hf;tybz[ (cdjtuj hjlf ytljevtybz[), rjnjhst d rjytxyjv bnjut b j,eckjdbkb lkz fdnjhjd bvtyyj tt ds,jh.Ïthdjt bp yb[ cdzpfyj c cfvbv j,]trnjv bccktljdfybz, f bvtyyj — Èynthytn-rjvveybrfwbtq. Äf;t ghb cfvjv gjdth[yjcnyjv dpukzlt yf dct vyjujj,hfpbt ceotcnde.ob[ yf ctujlyziybq ltym gcb[jkjubxtcrb[ bccktljdfybq dbhnefkmyjq htfkmyjcnb vj;yj jnvtnbnm b[ «wtynhbhjdfyyjcnm» djrheu kbxyjcnyjq ghj,ktvfnbrb, b d xfcnyjcnb ghj,ktvs bltynbxyjcnb. Õjnz jxtdblyj, xnj Èynthytn tcnm chtlf ght;lt dctuj byajhvfwbjyyfz (gj cdjtve ghjbc[j;ltyb., jcyjdysv aeyrwbzv, djpvj;yjcnzv, ghtj,kflf.otve cjlth;fyb., yfrjytw), [jnz gjlfdkz.ott ,jkmibycndj gjkmpjdfntktq Ñtnb bcgjkmpe.n tt bvtyyj rfr chtlcndj byajhvfwbjyyjuj gjbcrf, [jnz «hjlcndj» Èynthytnf c lheubvb chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yt ye;lftncz d hfpdthyens[ ljrfpfntkmcndf[, yfexyfz htaktrcbz ghj,ktv Èynthytn- rjvveybrfwbb zdyj «gthtrjityf» d cnjhjye kbxyjcnb — nfr, rfr tckb ,s dbhnefkmyfz htfkmyjcnm cj dctv tt ghfrnbxtcrb ,tpuhfybxysv byajhvfwbjyysv htcehcjv ,skf ,s bcrk.xbntkmyj «gjktv» cfvjdshf;tybz xtkjdtrf.  bnjut djpybrftn joeotybt, xnj 'nj chtlf yt cnjkmrj byajhvfwbjyyfz, crjkmrj «cfvjbltynbabrfwbjyyfz» (c njxrb phtybz gcb[jkjubxtcrb jhbtynbhjdfyyjuj bccktljdfntkz, rjytxyj). Çfrjyjvthyj djpybrftn djghjc — gjxtve 'nj nfr? Ânjhjt cjj,hf;tybt rfcftncz cfvjq pfzdktyyjq d yfpdfybb ghj,ktvs, dpznjq ghb 'njv ,jktt ibhjrj — dyt rjyntrcnf Èynthytn-rjvveybrfwbb — rfr ghj,ktvf dpfbvjcdzpb djpvj;ys[ cnhfntubq cfvjghtptynfwbb c bltynbxyjcnm. xtkjdtrf. Êfr gthdsq ( cfvjghtptynfwbz), nfr b dnjhjq (bltynbxyjcnm) rjywtgn, yt ujdjhz e;t j yb[ dpzns[ d cjxtnfybb, zdkz.ncz ctujlyz ljcnfnjxyj «vjlysvb» lkz cjwbfkmyjq gcb[jkjubb kbxyjcnb. Ìt;le ntv pfvtnbv, xnj tckb cfvjghtptynfwb. gjybvfnm rfr gjdtltyxtcrjt dshf;tybt 'vjwbjyfkmys[ b rjuybnbdys[ 'ktvtynjd ß-rjywtgwbb, f bltynbxyjcnm kb,j rfr cbyjybv ß- rjywtgwbb, kb,j rfr tt wtynhfkmysq rjycnhern, nj vs, gj cenb, dthytvcz r dtcmvf cnfhjq ghj,ktvt: «gjlkbyyjuj» b «vybvjuj» ß, cjjnyjitybz cjwbfkmyjq hjkb xtkjdtrf b self, buhftvjuj ß-lkz-Äheub[ b gtht;bdftvjuj ß-lkz-ct,z b n.l. b n.g. Äkz gjkyjns rfhnbys vj;yj lj,fdbnm blt. vyj;tcndtyyjcnb — rfr «cfvjghtptynbhe.ob[cz ß», nfr b «cfvjbltynbabwbhe.ob[cz» — cnjkm gjgekzhye. ctujlyz, b cvtkj j,hfnbnmcz r vsckb Ó.Ä;tvcf, ,jktt xtv cnjktnytq lfdyjcnb, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq e xtkjdtrf cnjkmrj ß, crjkmrj xtkjdtr ghbpyf.n d ytv kbxyjcnm. Îgznm ;t djpybrftn djghjc — xnj cnjbn pf 'nbv dtrjdsv «[j;ltybtv gj rheue» : htfkmysq ghbhjcn gcb[jkjubxtcrjuj pyfybz bkb rjcdtyyjt ljrfpfntkmcndj notnyjcnb ghbkfuftvs[ yferjq ecbkbq? Ïhtlcnfdkztncz, xnj djpvj;ysq jndtn yf 'nb ldf djpybrib[ djghjcf cnjbn bcrfnm yt d hfvrf[ cfvjq gcb[jkjubb, f d ,jktt ibhjrjv rjyntrcnt — bvtyyj cjwbjrekmnehyjv. Îcnfyjdbvcz yf 'njv gjlhj,ytt. Âj-gthds[, nj, xnj rfcftncz pyfxbntkmyjq ghtlcnfdktyyjcnb ghj,ktvfnbrb bltynbxyjcnb d bccktljdfybz[ dbhnefkmyjq htfkmyjcnb. Ïhtlcnfdkztncz, xnj vj;yj dsltkbnm hzl ghbxby, 'nj j,eckjdkbdf.ob[. Ífb,jktt ukj,fkmyst bp yb[ cdzpfys c cfvbv afrnjv cnfyjdktybz byajhvfwbjyyjuj j,otcndf. Õfhfrnthyst lkz ytuj 'rjyjvbxtcrbt (htcnhernehfkbpfwbz 'rjyjvbxtcrb[ htcehcjd, gtht[jl r byajhvfwbjyyjq 'rjyjvbrt), gjkbnbxtcrbt (nhfycajhvfwbz ghbhjls dkfcnb — jn dkfcnb rfgbnfkf r dkfltyb. byajhvfwbjyysvb rjlfvb) b cjwbfkmyst (pfvtyf cjwbfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz ctntdsvb ajhvfvb cdzpb, cjplfybt htghtptynfnbdys[ j,hfpjd cjwbfkmys[ cnherneh) bpvtytybz pflf.n gthcjybabwbhjdfyysq b bynthfrnbdysq [fhfrnth byajhvfwbb d wtkjv. Ñjjndtncndtyyj dcnftn yjdfz pflfxf — bpextybz xtkjdtrf d byajhvfwbjyyjv cjwbevt, xnj ytjnltkbvj jn bccktljdfybz nfrjuj tuj wtynhfkmyjuj «zlhf» rfr bltynbxyjcnm. Íj ctujlyz 'nj tot bvtyyj cnfyjdktybt, cj,cndtyyj gtht[jl jn bylecnhbfkmyjuj j,otcndf r byajhvfwbjyyjve, b gjnjve ce,]trnbdyj lkz xtkjdtrf jy ghtlcnfdkty d jghtltktyyjq «hfpjhdfyyjcnb» lde[ hfpys[ vbhjd : htfkmyjuj cjwbfkmyjuj ,snbz b ,snbz byajhvfwbjyyjuj. Ïthdsq, cjwbfkmysq vbh, nhflbwbjyyj ;tcnrj j,]trnty b cnhernehbhjdfy, jy bc[jlyj pflftn xtkjdtre hfvrb lkz cfvjrfntujhbpfwbb, juhfybxbdfz tuj rfr cjwbfkmysq j,]trn (uhfybwfvb gjkf, djphfcnf, yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb b gh.); dnjhjq ;t — byajhvfwbjyysq — ghbywbgbfkmyj ,tpuhfybxty, b, cktljdfntkmyj, ytj,[jlbvsv eckjdbtv ceotcndjdfybz d ytv zdkztncz htitybt pflfxb cfvjjghtltktybz, gjbcrf bltynbxyjcnb. Ïjlj,yjt ecnfyjdktybt «uhfybw» djpvj;yj ldevz genzvb : xthtp gthtyjc d dbhnefkmyjt ghjcnhfycndj e;t bpdtcnys[ b yfhf,jnfyys[ d cjwbfkmyjv vbht cbvdjkjd (gjkf, djphfcnf b gh.), nj tcnm xthtp dbhnefkmye. htrjycnherwb. cjwbfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb, b xthtp jcvscktybt wtyyjcnys[ jhbtynbhjd cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb, xthtp ajhvbhjdfybt ct,z d dbhnefkmyjv ghjcnhfycndt rfr frnbdyjuj ce,]trnf, nj tcnm xthtp dbhnefkmye. htrjycnherwb. gthcjyfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Ðtitybt bvtyyj 'njq ldjqyjq pflfxb b gjpdjkztn xtkjdtre cnfnm ce,]trnjv yt njkmrj cjwbfkmyjuj, yj b byajhvfwbjyyjuj vbhf. Ítckexfqyj, d jlyjq bp gjcktlyb[ hf,jn, gjcdzotyys[ yfcnegf.otq byajhvfwbjyyjq 'ht, gjlxthrbdftncz, xnj gjbcr bltynbxyjcnb «tcnm cnjkm ;t df;ysq bcnjxybr cjwbfkmyjuj hfpdbnbz, rfr b nt[ybrj-'rjyjvbxtcrbt bpvtytybz» ( Castells, 1997. Ñbvdjkbxyj nfr;t yfpdfybt jlyjq bp xfcntq lfyyjq hf,jns — «Âkfcnm bltynbxyjcnb».) Òfrbv j,hfpjv, gjcnfdktyyfz tot Ý. Ôhjvvjv ghj,ktvf cdzpb nbgjd bltynbxyjcnb kbxyjcnb c [fhfrnthbcnbrfvb cjwbevf ghbj,htnftn yjdjt pdexfybt. Íj byajhvfwbjyyjt ghjcnhfycndj d cdjtv dbhnefkmyjv dshf;tybb tcnm (ctujlyz, gj rhfqytq vtht) ghjcnhfycndj dth,fkmyjt, cjjndtncndtyyj yf gthdsq gkfy d ytv dscnegf.n bvtyyj cfvjjgbcfybz, cfvjghtptynfwbb. È [jnz ghj,ktvf cdzpb cnhfntubq cfvjghtptynfwbq b bltynbxyjcnb lfktrj yt yjdf, bvtyyj byajhvfwbjyyjt j,otcndj ltkftn htfkmyjcnm cfvjghtptynfwbb «bcnbyjq d gjcktlytq bycnfywbb», cdjtuj hjlf jrjyxfntkmyjq htfkmyjcnm., dct ,jktt nhfyckbhez 'njn ghbywbg d htfkmyjt cjwbfkmyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt. ( Òfr hf,jnjlfntkm ctujlyz jhbtynbhetncz yf htp.vt gjntywbfkmyjuj hf,jnybrf, cjcnfdktyyjt bv cfvbv, f d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp ljrfpfntkmcnd 'aatrnbdyjcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ghjbpdjlcndtyyjq cnhernehs dscnegftn rjkbxtcndj ghjdtltyys[ t. ghtptynfwbq. ) Òfrbv j,hfpjv, hfcghjcnhfytybt rekmnehs dbhnefkmyjq htfkmyjcnb pfcnfdkztn cjdhtvtyyjt j,otcndj dct ,jktt b ,jktt «cnhernehbhjdfnmcz djrheu ghjnbdjcnjzybz ctntds[ cbcntv (net) b kbxyjcnb (self)» (Castells, 1997), xnj d jghtltktyyjv cvsckt jnhf;ftn ghjnbdjcnjzybt ghjwtccjd cfvjghtptynfwbb b bltynbxyjcnb, dyjdm j,hfofz bccktljdfntktq r lfyyjq ghj,ktvfnbrt. Ífrjytw, ghtlcnfdkztncz, xnj frnefkbpfwbz gjlj,yjuj bccktljdfntkmcrjuj bynthtcf cdzpfyf c dtleobvb jcj,tyyjcnzvb cfvjq rekmnehs gjcnvjlthybpvf. Õfhfrnthysq lkz ytt 'njc ytpfdthityyjcnb, jnrhsnjcnb kbxyjcnb, b, cktljdfntkmyj, dsltktybt gjntywbfkmyjcnb rfr jnkbxbntkmyjq xthns xtkjdtxtcrjuj ceotcndjdfybz cnfdbkb lkz k.,juj uevfybnfhyjuj pyfybz pflfxe bpextybz yt njkmrj frnefkmyjuj, yj b djpvj;yjuj ,snbz.  'njv cvsckt Èynthytn-rjvveybrfwbz jrfpfkfcm vfrcbvfkmyj cjpdexyjq lfyyjq rekmnehyjq gfhflbuvt nt[yjkjubtq: gjntywbfkmyfz vyj;tcndtyyjcnm dbhnefkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb cnfkf ghbdktrfntkmyf yt njkmrj d cbke vtymitq j,]trnbdyjq cjwbfkmyjq abrcbhjdfyyjcnb cfvjghtlcnfdktybq, ceotcnde.ob[ ctujlyz d j,otcndt, yj b d cbke yjdjuj cjwbjyjhvfnbdyjuj rfyjyf xtkjdtrf, lkz rjnjhjuj vjvtyn j,htntybz yfcnjzotq bltynbxyjcnb tcnm vjvtyn jnrfpf jn ecnfyjdbditujcz d gjkmpe yjdjuj. (Èpdtcnys gjcnvjlthybcncrbt ajhveks «ns b ndjt Ýuj — ldt ,jkmibt hfpybws», «cbvekbheq cfv ct,z», «ns — jcj,m cdjtuj kbxyjuj gjkf» b n.g.) Èvtyyj gj'njve gj cenb cnfhfz ghj,ktvf vyj;tcndtyyjcnb ß ghbj,htnftn ctujlyz yjdjt pdexfybt. Ènfr, dnjhjt ytljevtybt, rfcf.ottcz jghtltktyyjuj «[j;ltybz gj rheue» d fyfkbpt ghj,ktv, cdzpfyys[ c ß-rjywtgwbtq b tt ghjzdktybzvb d htfkmyjv gjdtltybb xtkjdtrf, nfr;t vj;tn ,snm ghtjljktyj xthtp j,hfotybt r ,jktt ibhjrjve rjyntrcne — gj bpdtcnyjve pfvtxfyb. Â.Ï.Çbyxtyrj, frnefkmyjt hfpdbnbt gcb[jkjubb rfr yferb ytjnltkbvj jn njuj j,hfpf xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsq ljvbybhetn yf lfyysq vjvtyn d rekmneht (Çbyxtyrj Â.Ï., 1996). Îlyfrj, ghtlcnfdkztncz, xnj gjvbvj 'njuj, dtcmvf «ibhjrjuj» jcyjdfybz, e gcb[jkjubb kbxyjcnb ,skb b tcnm lheubt ghbxbys lkz byntycbdyjuj j,hfotybz r gjyznbzv cjwbfkmyjq b gthcjyfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb ( b cdzpfyyjq c ybvb ghj,ktvt cjjnyjitybz cfvjghtptynfwbb b htfkmyjuj gjdtltybz ). Ãyjctjkjubxtcrbq rjyntrcn cnfyjdktybz b ctujlyziytuj hfpdbnbz lfyyjq ghj,ktvfnbrb ytjnltkbv jn lde[ dtleob[ kbybq fyfkbpf kbxyjcnb djj,ot. Ìs bvttv d dble cnhernehyj-aeyrwbjyfkbcncre. b atyjvtyjkjubxtcre. nhflbwbb, d gthdjq bp rjnjhs[ xtkjdtr ghtlcnftn rfr j,]trnbdyj abrcbhetvfz cjdjregyjcnm nt[ bkb bys[ 'ktvtynjd ( xthn, vjnbdjd, gjnht,yjcntq, aeyrwbq ), f dj dnjhjq — gjybvftncz rfr ghbywbgbfkmyj eybrfkmyfz, ytgjdnjhbvfz, 'rpbcntywbfkmyfz ceoyjcnm. Âdtltybt d frnbdysq yfexysq j,b[jl, yfxbyfz c 70-[ ujljd yfituj cnjktnbz, gjyznbz «bltynbxyjcnm» dj vyjujv jghtltkzkjcm jxtdblysvb e;t uyjctjkjubxtcrbvb negbrfvb : nfr, ghb f,cjk.nbpfwbb kjubrb gthdjq nhflbwbb gcb[jkjub, gj cenb, jrfpsdfkbcm d eckjdbz[ gjnthb cfvjuj j,]trnf bccktljdfybz, f ghb ds,jht d gjkmpe dnjhjq nhflbwbb — d cbnefwbb ytdjpvj;yjcnb rjyrhtnyjuj 'vgbhbxtcrjuj bccktljdfybz. Ècgjkmpjdfybt ;t rjywtgnf «bltynbxyjcnm» ghtlcnfdkzkjcm dtcmvf gthcgtrnbdysv: c jlyjq cnjhjys, pflfdfz lb[jnjvb. «cjwbfkmyfz- gthcjyfkmyfz», jyj jnlfdfkj lfym cnhernehyj-aeyrwbjyfkbcncrjve gjl[jle, c lheujq, jnvtxfz htwbghjryjcnm 'nb[ lde[ jcyjdys[ 'ktvtynjd, jcnfdkzkj vtcnj «ytekjdbvjq» kbxyjcnb atyjvtyjkjubxtcrjq nhflbwbb. È ctujlyz, cgecnz ,jktt xtv ldflwfnbktnbt, e;t jxtdblyj, xnj ghb dctq «cjpdexyjcnb» cnfhsv bltzv Ó.Ä;tvcf, frnefkmyst ghj,ktvs bccktljdfybz bltynbxyjcnb (vyj;tcndtyyjcnb «ß», frnbdyjcnb kbxyjcnb d ajhvbhjdfybb ß-j,hfpf, cvsckjj,hfpe.otq hjkb ß-rjywtgwbb ghb ds,jht nt[ bkb bys[ cnhfntubq cfvjghtptynfwbb b lh.) pflfkb ghbywbgbfkmyj yjdjt pdexfybt nhflbwbjyyjq pflfxt fyfkbpf kbxyjcnyjuj hfpdbnbz. Ènfr, djpdhfofzcm r pflfyyjq d yfpdfybb ntvt, gjgsnftvcz jndtnbnm yf djghjc j njv, rfr cdzpfys djpvj;yst cfvjghtptynfwbb d Èynthytn- rjvveybrfwbb c htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm. xtkjdtrf. Ïhtlcnfdkztncz, xnj exfcnbt d Èynthytn-rjvveybrfwbb vj;tn jrfpsdfnm dkbzybt yf htfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm hfpkbxysvb cgjcj,fvb. Âj-gthds[, Èynthytn ,kfujlfhz ceotcndjdfyb. d ytv vyj;tcndf hfpkbxys[ cjj,otcnd (xfnjd, ntktrjyathtywbq b MUD), f nfr;t ,kfujlfhz njve, xnj jy cfv gj ct,t zdkztncz cjwbfkmyjq htfkmyjcnm., ghtljcnfdkztn yjdst gj chfdytyb. c htfkmyjq ;bpym. djpvj;yjcnb ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyysv cjwbfkmysv rfntujhbzv (Donath, 1997). Âj-dnjhs[, nfrbt jcj,tyyjcnb Èynthytn-rjvveybrfwbb, rfr fyjybvyjcnm b juhfybxtyysq ctycjhysq jgsn (Suler, 1996d; Reid, 1994, 1991; Turkle, 1997), gjhj;lf.n eybrfkmye. djpvj;yjcnm 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfybz c cj,cndtyyjq bltynbxyjcnm.. Ájktt rjyrhtnyj, fyjybvyjcnm gjpdjkztn gjkmpjdfntkzv Èynthytnf cjplfdfnm ctntde. bltynbxyjcnm, rjnjhfz xfcnj jnkbxftncz jn htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Ïjkmpjdfntkb Èynthytnf bcgjkmpe.n 'ne djpvj;yjcnm jxtym gj-hfpyjve. ×nj rfcftncz ghbyflkt;yjcnb r hfpkbxysv ctntdsv cjj,otcndfv b r cjwbfkmyjq rfntujhbb gjkmpjdfntktq Ñtnb d wtkjv, jxtdblyj, xnj jyf dyjcbn drkfl d ajhvbhjdfybt jghtltktyyjuj cjlth;fybz cjwbfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Èvtyyj d 'njv fcgtrnt ntktrjyathtywbb hfccvfnhbdf.ncz Ä;. Äjyfn (Donath, 1997), gj vytyb. rjnjhjq, bltynbxyjcnm buhftn rk.xtde. hjkm dj dct[ dbhnefkmys[ cjj,otcndf[. Óxfcnbt d ntktrjyathtywbb j,tcgtxbdftn ghbyflkt;yjcnm b gjllth;re; yfhzle c 'nbv, gjvjom lheujve gjkmpjdfntk., j,hfnbditvecz d ntktrjyathtywb. pf gjvjom., dyjcbn drkfl d cnfyjdktybt jghtltktyyjuj cjlth;fybz bltynbxyjcnb — bltynbxyjcnb gjvjuf.otuj, rjvgtntynyjuj xtkjdtrf. Óxfcnbt d ntktrjyathtywbb vj;tn, nfrbv j,hfpjv, gjhj;lfnm gjpbnbdye. cjwbfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm. Âbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn dyjcbnm drkfl d cnfyjdktybt jghtltktyyjuj cjlth;fybz cjwbfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb yt njkmrj pf cxtn ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyyjve dbhnefkmyjve cjj,otcnde, yj b pf cxtn ghjnbdjgjcnfdktybz ct,z 'njve cjj,otcnde, yfvthtyyj ltdbfynyjuj, rjyakbrnyjuj gjdtltybz. Ïhbvthjv nfrjuj gjdtltybz zdkztncz jgbcfyyjt Ä;. Äjyfn (Donath, 1997) zdktybt, bpdtcnyjt rfr «trolling» — gjckfybt d rjyathtywb. ghjdjrfwbjyys[ cjj,otybq. Ïjkmpjdfntkz, gjcskf.otuj gjlj,yst cjj,otybz, yfpsdf.n «troll», xnj gthtdjlbncz ldevz cgjcj,fvb — b rfr «nhjkkm», b rfr cgjcj, hs,yjq kjdkb, rjnjhsq pfrk.xftncz d pf,hfcsdfybb ghbvfyrb b ghjnfcrbdfybb tt gj lye d j;blfybb, xnj hs,f yf ytt rk.ytn. Ïjkmpjdfntkm, pfgjljphtyysq d njv, xnj jy — «nhjkkm», dspsdftn fuhtccb. lheub[ gjkmpjdfntktq, b, rfr ghfdbkj, tuj dcrjht jnrk.xf.n jn gjkmpjdfybz lfyyjq ntktrjyathtywbtq.. (Donath, 1997).Ä;. Ñekth, jgbcsdfz ltdbfynyjt gjdtltybt d Ñtnb, ujdjhbn j ceotcndjdfybb gjkmpjdfntktq, rjnjhst ghb,tuf.n r yfvthtyyj fynbyjhvfnbdysv, jcrjh,bntkmysv dscrfpsdfybzv, pf rjnjhst b[ jghtltktyyj jnrk.xf.n. Òjulf jyb d[jlzn d cjj,otcndj cyjdf, b cbnefwbz gjdnjhztncz (Suler, 1997). Ìj;yj ghtlgjkj;bnm, xnj d jcyjdt ltdbfynyjuj gjdtltybz kt;bn ;tkfybt j,htcnb cjwbfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm xthtp ghjnbdjgjcnfdktybt ct,z ytrjnjhjve cjwbfkmyjve wtkjve. Ïjlj,yjt ltdbfynyjt gjdtltybt vj;tn ,snm cdzpfyj c lbaaepyjq, ytjghtltktyyjq bltynbxyjcnm., b ghtlcnfdkznm cj,jq cnhfntub. ghtjljktybz lbaaepyjq bltynbxyjcnb, ghb rjnjhjq xtkjdtr ghtlgjxbnftn ds,hfnm ytufnbdye. cjwbfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm, xtv ,snm ybrtv bkb xtv-nj ytjghtltktyysv. Ïjvbvj yjds[ djpvj;yjcntq ghbyflkt;yjcnb r cjwbfkmysv rfntujhbzv, ctntdfz rjvveybrfwbz, ,kfujlfhz nfrbv cdjbv jcj,tyyjcnzv, rfr fyjybvyjcnm, ytdblbvjcnm b ,tpjgfcyjcnm, gjhj;lftn lheujt cktlcndbt — jyf lftn gjkmpjdfntkzv djpvj;yjcnm cjplfdfnm ctntde. bltynbxyjcnm gjkyjcnm. gj cdjtve ds,jhe. Ítdblbvjcnm jpyfxftn djpvj;yjcnm bpvtytybz dytiytuj j,kbrf, gjkyjcnm. htlewbhjdfnm ytdth,fkmyst ghjzdktybz b, d rjytxyjv bnjut, gjxnb f,cjk.nyjuj eghfdktybz dgtxfnktybtv j ct,t. Înc.lf jcyjdyfz jcj,tyyjcnm dbhnefkmyjq cfvjghtptynfwbb, rjnjhfz ghbpyftncz ,jkmibycndjv bccktljdfntktq — 'nj djpvj;yjcnm gjxnb f,cjk.nyjuj eghfdktybz dgtxfnktybtv j ct,t (Becker, 1997, Reid, 1994). Åckb jnyjcbntkmyj ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyysv ctntdsv cjj,otcndfv vj;yj ljcnfnjxyj edthtyyj crfpfnm, xnj fyfkjubxysq vt[fybpv ajhvbhjdfybz cjwbfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb bvttn vtcnj b d htfkmyjcnb, nj cjplfybt ghfrnbxtcrb k.,s[ ctntds[ bltynbxyjcntq — 'nj eybrfkmyfz jcj,tyyjcnm Ñtnb. Ífb,jktt zhrbt ghjzdktybz 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfybz c bltynbxyjcnm. — dbhnefkmyfz «cvtyf gjkf» b ltdbfynyjt gjdtltybt d Ñtnb; j,f 'nb zdktybz jxtym ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytys d Èynthytnt. Êhjvt njuj, ytrjnjhst gjkmpjdfntkb Ñtnb dsldbuf.n yf gthdsq gkfy jlyb cdjb ghbpyfrb, f lheubt ghbpyfrb yfvthtyyj crhsdf.n. Ítrjnjhst ghtlcnfdkz.n nfrbt «afrns» jnyjcbntkmyj ct,z, rjnjhst zdkz.ncz crjhtt ;tkftvsvb, xtv ltqcndbntkmysvb. Ítrjnjhst ghtptynbhe.ncz d Ñtnb ghjcnj ytgjchtlcndtyyj. Äheubt ghtlgjxbnf.n, xnj,s j yb[ yt ,skj bpdtcnyj djj,ot ybxtuj. Ôtyjvty ceotcndjdfybz ytcrjkmrb[ ctntds[ bltynbxyjcntq ,sk pfhtubcnhbhjdfy vyjubvb bccktljdfntkzvb (Reid, 1991, 1994; Donath, 1997; Turkle, 1997, Êelly, 1997; Shields, 1996). Îxtdblyj, xnj ds,jh cgjcj,f cfvjghtptynfwbb d Ñtnb pfdbcbn jn nbgf kbxyjcnb (Suler , 1996c). Êfr vj;tn cfvjghtptynfwbz d Ñtnb ,snm cdzpfyf c htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm. gjkmpjdfntkz? Óndth;lftncz, xnj cfvjghtptynfwbz d Ñtnb ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq jceotcndktybt ;tkfybq — cbks b vjueotcndf, rhfcjns, ghbyflkt;yjcnb, b n. g. Ïj'njve, c jlyjq cnjhjys, dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn jnhf;fnm ;tkfybz, yteljdktndjhtyyst d htfkmyjq ;bpyb, nj tcnm, ,snm ghzvsv cktlcndbtv htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Ñ lheujq cnjhjys, dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz, gjvbvj eljdktndjhtybz ytjceotcndktyys[ bkb ytjceotcndbvs[ gj hfpysv ghbxbyfv d dbhnefkmyjcnb ;tkfybq, vj;tn ,snm cdzpfyf c nt[ybxtcrbvb jcj,tyyjcnzvb rjvveybrfwbb d Èynthytnt. Ýnj vj;tn jghtltkznm nj, xnj dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn ,snm lheujq gj ajhvt gj chfdytyb. c htfkmyjq cfvjghtptynfwbtq, f nfr;t tt ,jkmie. dshfpbntkmyjcnm b xfcnj lf;t yfvthtyye. rjyakbrnyjcnm, cdzpfyye. c ntv, xnj ybrnj yt [jxtn ,snm gjkyjcnm. fyjybvysv b d htpekmnfnt f,cjk.nyj ybrtv yt pfvtxtyysv. Ñjukfcyj njxrt phtybz Ä;. Ñekthf (Suler, 1997), ybrnj yt [jxtn ,snm gjkyjcnm. fyjybvysv — f,cjk.nyj ytdblbvsv, ,tp bvtyb, bltynbxyjcnb bkb vt;kbxyjcnyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz djj,ot. Ätdbfynyjt gjdtltybt — 'nj cgjcj, htfrwbb yf fyjybvyjcnm, jnhf;f.obq cnhtvktybt ,snm pfvtxtyysv, [jnz ,s lf;t d ytufnbdyjq ajhvt, xtv ,snm f,cjk.nyj fyjybvysv, ytpfvtxtyysv, ytdblbvsv, nj tcnm, ybrtv.  rjycnhernbdyjq ajhvt htfrwbz yf fyjybvyjcnm b ytljcnfnjr dshfpbntkmys[ chtlcnd d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb ghjzdkztncz d njv, xnj ctntdst bltynbxyjcnb yfltkz.ncz enhbhjdfyysvb, jxtym dshfpbntkmysvb fnhb,enfvb cbks, vjueotcndf, rhfcjns b n. g. (Reid, 1994). Ènfr, rfr cdzpfyf dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz c htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm. gjkmpjdfntkz?  dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb, ,kfujlfhz ytdblbvjcnb gjkmpjdfntkz, yt dshf;tys nt ghbpyfrb, rjnjhst cdzpfys c dytiybv j,kbrjv b cke;fn jcyjdjq cjwbfkmyjq rfntujhbpfwbb d htfkmyjv j,otybb. Òjulf ghtlgjxntybt fyjybvyjcnb vj;tn ,snm htpekmnfnjv yteljdktndjhtyyjcnb htpekmnfnfvb cjwbfkmyjq rfntujhbpfwbb d htfkmyjv j,otybb. Òfrjt ;tkfybt njnfkmyjq fyjybvyjcnb vj;tn dshf;fnm yteljdktndjhtyyjcnm htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm., f bvtyyj, ntvb tt cnjhjyfvb, rjnjhst d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb jncencnde.n — gjk, djphfcn, cjwbfkmysq cnfnec, 'nybxtcrfz ghbyflkt;yjcnm, dytiyzz ghbdktrfntkmyjcnm. (Reid, 1994). Á. Átrth yfpsdftn djpvj;yjcnm «e,t;fnm bp cj,cndtyyjuj ntkf» jlybv bp ukfdys[ afrnjhjd, vjnbdbhe.ob[ exfcnbt d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb. (Becker, 1997). Ájktt rjyrhtnyj, ghtlgjxntybt gjkyjq fyjybvyjcnb d ctntdjq rjvveybrfwbb vj;tn ,snm cdzpfyj c yteljdktndjhtyyjcnm. htfkmyjq cjwbfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm. b ;tkfybtv bp,fdbnmcz jn ytt. Ñjplfybt ctntdjq bltynbxyjcnb, jnkbxf.otqcz jn htfkmyjq, vj;tn ,snm nfr;t cdzpfyj c yteljdktndjhtyyjcnm. jghtltktyysvb cnjhjyfvb htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb.  'njv ckexft dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn ,snm «jceotcndktybtv vtxns, ytjceotcndbvjq d htfkmyjcnb, vtxns j cbkt b vjueotcndt bkb j ghbyflkt;yjcnb b gjybvfybb» (Suler, 1996a).  dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb cnfyjdbncz djpvj;ysv dshf;tybt pfghtnys[ d htfkmyjcnb fuhtccbdys[ ntyltywbq (Suler, 1997), dscrfpsdfybt dpukzljd, rjnjhst ytdjpvj;yj dscrfpfnm d htfkmyjcnb lf;t cfvsv ,kbprbv k.lzv (Young, 1997), dshf;tybt gjlfdktyys[ d htfkmyjcnb cnjhjy cdjtq kbxyjcnb (Young, 1997; Turkle, 1997), eljdktndjhtybt pfghtnys[ d htfkmyjcnb ctrcefkmys[ gj,e;ltybq (Young, 1997), ;tkfybz rjynhjkz yfl lheubvb k.lmvb, vfybgekznbdys[ ntyltywbq (Becker, 1997; Dautenmann, 1997, Suler, 1996b). Òfrbv j,hfpjv, dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn cke;bnm dshf;tybtv gjlfdktyyjq xfcnb cdjtq kbxyjcnb bkb eljdktndjhznm gjnht,yjcnm d ghbpyfybb b cbkt. Óljdktndjhzz gjnht,yjcnm d ghbpyfybb b cbkt, k.lb cjplf.n nfre. dbhnefkmye. cfvjghtptynfwb., rjnjhfz cjjndtncndetn b[ bltfke «ß» b pfvtoftn gkj[jt htfkmyjt «ß» (Young, 1997; Turkle, 1997). Olyfrj, rhjvt yteljdktndjhtyyjcnb htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm., jnkbxf.ofzcz jn htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz vj;tn cjplfdfnmcz gj hzle lheub[ ghbxby. Ñjplfybt ctntdjq bltynbxyjcnb, rjnjhfz jnkbxftncz jn htfkmyjq, vj;tn j,]zcyznmcz ntv, xnj k.lb yt bvt.n djpvj;yjcnb dshfpbnm dct cnjhjys cdjtuj vyjujuhfyyjuj «ß» d htfkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb, d nj dhtvz rfr ctntdfz rjvveybrfwbz bv nfre. djpvj;yjcnm ghtljcnfdkztn (Kelly, 1997). Ítrjnjhst fdnjhs (Turkle, 1997; Balsamo, 1995; Sinnerella, 1998 ) endth;lftn, xnj vyj;tcndtyyjcnm b bpvtyxbdjcnm bltynbxyjcnb d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb jnhf;ftn vyj;tcndtyyjcnm, bltynbxyjcnb d cjdhtvtyyjv j,otcndt d wtkjv. Ífb,jktt gjlhj,yj ubgjntnbxtcrbt vjnbds cjplfybz ctntdjq bltynbxyjcnb, jnkbxf.otqcz jn htfkmyjq, jgbcfys yf ghbvtht dbhnefkmyjq «cvtys gjkf» — dslfdfybz ct,z d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb pf ghtlcnfdbntkz ghjnbdjgjkj;yjuj gjkf. Âbhnefkmyfz «cvtyf gjkf» jxtym ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf d Èynthytnt. Îyf vj;tn ,snm cdzpfyf c hfpkbxysvb afrnjhfvb, ghbxtv djdct yt j,zpfntkmyj c ujvjctrcefkbpvjv bkb nhfycdtcnbpvjv. Ïjvbvj e;t ghbdtltyys[ ghbxby (;tkfybz rjynhjkz yfl lheubvb k.lmvb, dshf;tybz gjlfdktyyjq xfcnb cdjtq kbxyjcnb, rjnjhst xtkjdtr yt vj;tn dshfpbnm d htfkmyjcnb). Ä;. Ñekth (Suler, 1996b) ghbdjlbn cktle.obt djpvj;yst ghbxbys cvtys gjkf: Ítrjnjhst ve;xbys vjuen ghbybvfnm ;tycre. hjkm, xnj,s bccktljdfnm jnyjitybz vt;le gjkfvb.  ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ «cvtyf gjkf» vj;tn jnhf;fnm lbaaepye. gjkjde. bltynbxyjcnm. «Ñvtyf gjkf» — 'nj ghjcnj ytrbq yjdsq jgsn, djpvj;ysq ,kfujlfhz fyjybvyjcnb ctntdjuj j,otybz. Îyf vj;tn j,]zcyznmcz ghjcnj cnhtvktybtv r ghbj,htntyb. k.,juj yjdjuj jgsnf. «Êb,thghjcnhfycndj ghtljcnfdkztn ,tcghtwtltynye. djpvj;yjcnm 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfnm, jnrfpfnmcz jn 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfybz, tckb 'nj ytj,[jlbvj, b pfntv 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfnm cyjdf.  ytv cvtyf gjkf — jxtym ghjcnjt ltqcndbt» (Suler, 1996b). Tfrbv j,hfpjv, dbhnefkmyfz cfvjghtptynfwbz, jnkbxf.ofzcz jn htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb, vj;tn cjplfdfnmcz nfr;t lkz njuj, xnj,s bcgsnfnm yjdsq jgsn — bvtyyj d 'njv rjyntrcnt gjyznbt «'rcgthbvtynbhjdfybz c bltynbxyjcnm.» yfb,jktt evtcnyj; nj tcnm, ctntdfz bltynbxyjcnm, jnkbxf.ofzcz jn htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb, yt njkmrj dshf;ftn ytxnj, e;t bvt.ottcz d kbxyjcnb, yj vj;tn ,snm b cnhtvktybtv bcgsnfnm ytxnj hfytt yt bcgsnfyyjt (Turkle, 1997). Èpdtcnyj, xnj cnhtvktybt r gjlj,yjve 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfyb. c bltynbxyjcnm., ;tkfybt ghj,jdfnm ct,z dj dct yjds[ b yjds[ hjkz[, bcgsnsdfnm yjdsq jgsn — jcj,tyyjcnm jnrhsnjq bltynbxyjcnb, nj tcnm, nfrjuj cjcnjzybz bltynbxyjcnb, lkz rjnjhjuj [fhfrnthty gjbcr fkmnthyfnbd lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, vyj;tcndtyyjcnm dbhnefkmys[ bltynbxyjcntq vj;tn ,snm cdzpfyf c jnrhsnjcnm. htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Ogbcfyyst dsit dbls cjjnyjitybz htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb b dbhnefkmyjq cfvjghtptynfwbb jnyjczncz r dkbzyb. htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb yf dbhnefkmye. cfvjghtptynfwb.. Îlyfrj ceotcndetn b djpvj;yjcnm j,hfnyjuj dkbzybz — dkbzybz dbhnefkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb yf htfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm. Îlyf bp tuj ajhv — drk.xtybt ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyyjve ctntdjve cjj,otcnde d htfkmye. cjwbfkmye. bltynbxyjcnm. Ñ lheujq cnjhjys, vj;yj ghtlgjkj;bnm, xnj exfcnbt d dbhnefkmyjq rjvveybrfwbb dyjcbn drkfl d cnfyjdktybt jghtltktyyjuj cjlth;fybz kbxyjq bltynbxyjcnb. Îlby bp ghbvthjd gjlj,yjuj dkbzybz dbhnefkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb yf htfkmye. ghbdjlbncz Ø. Òthrk ( Turkle, 1997). Îyf jgbcsdftn, rfr cneltyn rjkktl;f, rjnjhsq d htfkmyjcnb jnkbxfkcz rhfqytq ytj,obntkmyjcnm., pfcntyxbdjcnm., ytedthtyyjcnm. d ct,t, yfxfk buhfnm d jlye bp MUD — ctntds[ hjktds[ buh.  buht jy gjpyfrjvbkcz c ltdeirjq — buhjrjv, vt;le ybvb pfdzpfkbcm hjvfynbxtcrbt jnyjitybz. Âcrjht jy ljcnbu d buht ,jkmib[ ecgt[jd, yfcnjkmrj, xnj tuj ds,hfkb gjkrjdjlwtv jlyjq bp fhvbq d htif.otv chf;tybb. Îy ,sk gjhf;ty jrfpfyysv tve ljdthbtv. Ïjcntgtyyj jy gjyzk, xnj vj;tn ghtlcnfdkznm wtyyjcnm d ukfpf[ lheub[ k.ltq, vj;tn ,snm ecgtiysv b lj,bdfnmcz cdjb[ wtktq. Îy cnfk ,jktt edthtyysv d ct,t, ,jktt j,obntkmysv. Ýnj ghbdtkj r njve, xnj e ytuj gjzdbkbcm lhepmz d htfkmyjq ;bpyb. Òj tcnm, ceotcndetn djpvj;yjcnm bpvtytybz htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb pf cxtn dbhnefkmyjq bltynbxyjcnb.  ghbdtltyyjv ghbvtht htxm bltn crjhtt j, bpvtytybb gthcjyfkmyjuj fcgtrnf bltynbxyjcnb, xtv j, bpvtytybb cjwbfkmyjuj tt fcgtrnf. Tfrbv j,hfpjv, vt;le dbhnefkmyjq cfvjghtptynfwbtq b htfkmyjq bltynbxyjcnm. ceotcnde.n jnyjitybz dpfbvjdkbzybz.  pfdthitybt [jntkjcm ,s gjlxthryenm, xnj jwtyrf gjntywbfkmys[ cktlcndbq 'njuj dpfbvjdkbzybz ( gcb[jkjubxtcrb[, cjwbfkmyj-gcb[jkjubxtcrb[, cjwbfkmys[ ), rfr b k.,fz jwtyrf djj,ot, ytjnltkbvf jn wtyyjcnyjuj ds,jhf cfvjuj bccktljdfntkz. Òfr, yfghbvth, djpvj;yjcnm 'rcgthbvtynbhjdfybz c cj,cndtyyjq bltynbxyjcnm. d Ñtnb vj;yj jwtybdfnm c njxrb phtybz hfcibhz.ob[cz gthcgtrnbd cfvjgjpyfybz, f vj;yj — c gjpbwbq «e[jlf» jn htfkmyjuj cjwbfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz d ,tccjpyfntkmyjv cnhf[t gjnthb cfvjuj ct,z. Ìs yfvthtyyj bp,tufkb gjlj,ys[ ukj,fkmys[ bynthghtnfwbq bvtyyj d cbke b[ ytvbyetvjq wtyyjcnyjq «jrhfcrb», gsnfzcm kbim ghtlcnfdbnm frnefkmyst gcb[jkjubxtcrbt bccktljdfybz Èynthytn-bltynbxyjcnb, gfvznez j rkfccbxtcrjv ghtleght;ltybb Ìfrcf Ât,thf — «yferf vj;tn lfnm jndtn yf dct djghjcs, rhjvt tlbycndtyyj df;ys[ lkz yfc : xnj ltkfnm b rfr ;bnm»… Ëbnthfnehf. Balsamo, A. Signal to noise: On the meaning of cyberpunk subculture // Communication in the age of virtual reality. LEA’s communication series. (Frank Biocca, Mark R. Levy, Eds.), pp. 347-368. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, US, 1995. Becker, B. To be in touch or not? Some remarks on communication in virtual environments. 1997. http://duplox.w2-berlin.de/docs/panel/becker.htmlDautenhahn K. The physical body in Cyberspace: at the age of extinction? 1997. http://duplox.w2-berlin.de/docs/panel/kerstin.htmlDonath, Judith S. Identity and deception in the Virtual community. 1997. http://judith.www.media.mit.edu/Judith/Identity/IdentityDeception.htmlKelly P. Human Identity Part 1: Who are you? 1997. http://www-home.calumet.yorku.ca/pkelly/www/id1.htmReid, Elizabeth M. Cultural Formations in Text-Based Virtual Realities. 1994. http://fun91.kivikko.hoas.fi/~donwulff/irc/cult-form.html Reid, Elizabeth M. Electropolis:Communication and Community On Internet Relay Chat. 1991. Shields,-Rob (Ed) Cultures of internet: Virtual spaces, real histories, living bodies. Sage Publications, Inc; London, England; 1996. Sinnirella, M.Exploring temporal aspects of social identity: the concept of possible social identities// European Journal of Social Psychology,1998, vol. 28, ¹ 2, p. 227- 248. Suler J. The Bad Boys of Cyberspace Deviant Behavior in Online Multimedia Communities and Strategies for Managing it. 1997. http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/badboys.htmlSuler J. Cyberspace as Dream World (Illusion and Reality at the «Palace»). 1996a. http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/cybdream.htmlSuler J. Do Boys Just Wanna Have Fun? Male Gender-Switching in Cyberspace (and how to detect it). 1996b. http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/genderswap.htmlSuler J. Identity Management in Cyberspace 1996c. http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/identitymanage.htmlSuler J. Human Becomes Electric: The Basic Psychological Features of Cyberspace. 1996d. http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/basicfeat.htmlTurkle, Sh. Constructions and reconstructions of self in virtual reality: Playing in the MUDs// Culture of the Internet. (Sara Kiesler, Ed.), pp. 143-155. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, US, 1997. Young K. S. What makes the Internet so addictive: Potential explanations for pathological Internet use? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL, August, 1997. |
