ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå) Ïhtlkfuf. dfitve dybvfyb. gthtdjl b flfgnfwb. cnfnmb Ñm.pfy Âfqyityr — «The Psychologist’s View of UX Design». Ïhtleght;lf., xnj cnfnmz vj;tn cjlth;fnm vyjuj «,fyfkmys[» endth;ltybq. Îlyfrj, cxbnf., xnj 'nj ybxenm yt evfkztn t¸ j,otj,hfpjdfntkmyjq wtyyjcnb. … Âct ds, yfdthyjt, cksifkb ghbnxe j cktgwf[ b ckjyt: Øtcnm byljcnfycrb[ velhtwjd, extyjcnb jgkjn, Ðtibkb d inelbz[ Ñkjyf ljcnbxm ,jkmib[ dscjn (Çf,sd ytktgj, xnj bp yb[ ,sk rf;lsq cktg rfr rhjn). Âjn Ïthdsq gjljitk r Ñkjye, yj, dlheu cgjnryedibcm, jy Ífnryekcz yf ibhjrbq ,jr, b, 'nbv elbdkty, Âjcrkbryek: «Ñvt. endth;lfnm: gj[j; yf cntye Ñkjy!». Ífoegfd ,bdtym, pfrhbxfk Ânjhjq: «Î, pyf. z Îndtn, xnj dslfk vyt rjytw ,jkmijuj jcnhbz: Êjytxyj, 'njn lbdysq Ñkjy – gjlj,bt rjgmz!» À Òhtnbq, r ndfhb gjljqlz, b cvtkj d herb dpzd Ñkjyjdbq [j,jn, ub,rbq rfr gj;fhyjuj herfd, Âjcrkbryek uhjvrj: «Ýnjn Ñkjy – ghbvthyj xnj elfd!» ×tndthnsq ndthlj. herjq gjgfk d jlye bp yju, È, hfpj,hfdibcm, j,]zdbk dctv velhtwfv: «Ìjq Áju! Ìyt jxtdblyj: Ñkjy gj[j; yf vjkjljq le,jr!» È Ïznsq, njn, rjve cdtpkj yfoegfnm e[f xfcnm, Ñrfpfk: «Ñktgtqibv bp cktgs[ bpdtcnyf 'nf cyfcnm! Ïj[j; yf jgf[fkj Ñkjy! Êkzyecm, xnj, vyt ghjgfcnm!» Øtcnjq ;t ifhbk nen b nfv, yj rfr-nj ytdgjgfl Íf [djcn yfnryekcz. Îy njve ,sk ytcrfpfyyj hfl. «Íe zcyj, — rhbryek jy, – dfi Ñkjy – crjhtq dctuj, rfyfn!» Òfr Èyljcnfyf velhtws pfcgjhbkbcm cjdctv, È rf;lsq c ntpbcjv cdjbv yf rf;ljuj yfctk. Ïecnm rf;lsq ,sk xfcnbxyj ghfd, yj jib,fkbcm — dct! (gthtdjl Ïfdkf Ëerib ) Ècnjhbz j ckjyt yfgjvbyftn vyt j hfpybwt dj dpukzlf[ yf lbpfqy e k.ltq, yf[jlzob[cz d hfpys[ eckjdbz[, c hfpkbxysv j,hfpjdfybtv b jgsnjv. Ãhfabxtcrbq lbpfqyth gjl[jlbn r ghjtrnbhjdfyb. dpfbvjltqcndbz c jlyjq njxrjq phtybz, ghjtrnbhjdobr — c lheujq, ghjuhfvvbcn — c nhtnmtq. Ïj'njve dtcmvf gjktpyj gjoegfnm b jcvsckbnm ne xfcnm ckjyf, rjnjhe. oegf.n lheubt. Ïj j,hfpjdfyb. z gcb[jkju. Ïj'njve, nf xfcnm ckjyf, r rjnjhjq ghbrfcf.cm z, bvttn jnyjitybt r njve, xnj vs pyftv j k.lz[ b rfr vs ghbvtyztv 'nb pyfybz d ghjtrnbhjdfybb dpfbvjltqcndbz. ß bpexfkf vjpu, phtybt, gfvznm b vjnbdfwb., xnj gjpdjkbkj vyt cltkfnm jghtltk¸yyst dsdjls jnyjcbntkmyj ghbywbgjd ghjtrnbhjdfybz xtkjdtrj-vfibyyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz. Ýnf cnfnmz — rhfnrbq j,pjh njxrb phtybz gcb[jkjuf yf ckjyf. Ñgjcj,s ljcnb;tybz wtktq gjkmpjdfntkzvb Ë.lb yt [jnzn ltkfnm ,jkmit, xtv nht,etncz lkz ljcnb;tybz wtkb.Ñj,cndtyyj, 'nj jxtdblyjt endth;ltybt cjlth;bn d ct,t dc. vt[fybre hfpdbnbz xtkjdtxtcrjq ghbhjls. Ýythutnbxtcrfz 'aatrnbdyjcnm — 'djk.wbjyysq ghbpyfr k.,jq ckj;yjq cbcntvs, d njv xbckt b xtkjdtrf. ×tv vtymitt rjkbxtcndj hf,jns nht,etncz cjdthibnm lkz njuj, xnj,s gjkexbnm htpekmnfn, ntv kexit cbcntvf. Ë.,fz, lf;t cfvfz ckj;yfz cbcntvf ljk;yf, ytghtvtyyj, cnhtvbnmcz r njve, xnj,s vbybvbpbhjdfnm 'ythujpfnhfns jgthfnjhf. Èyajhvfwbb ljk;yj ,snm hjdyj cnjkmrj, crjkmrj nht,etncz lkz dsgjkytybz pflfxbÝnj endth;ltybt rfcftncz vyjub[ fcgtrnjd. Âj-gthds[ cktletn j,hfofnm dybvfybt yf nj, xnj byajhvfwbz ljk;yf ,snm evtcnyf b frnefkmyf dj dct[, ,tp bcrk.xtybz, ckexfz[. Ìyjujrhfnyj gjlndth;lfnm b ,tp njuj jxtdblyst dtob yt ye;yj. Íj b vjkxfnm, d nj dhtvz, rjulf nht,etncz dvtifntkmcndj jgthfnjhf, nj;t ytkmpz. Ïhbx¸v bp,snjxyjcnm tldf kb yt dhtlytt ytljcnfnjxyjcnb. Âj-dnjhs[ — [jnz 'nj frnefkmytt lkz byajhvfwbjyys[ cbcntv, xtv lkz aeyrwbjyfkmys[ — cktletn j,hfofnm dybvfybt yf j,]¸v dslfdftvjq byajhvfwbb.  gjlfdkz.otv ,jkmibycndt ckexftd, 'aatrnbdytt dslfdfnm byajhvfwb. gjhwbzvb — jn vtymituj j,]¸vf r ,jkmitve — yt;tkb dc. chfpe, wtkbrjv. Ýnj j,eckjdktyj ntv, d gthde. jxthtlm, xnj d ,jkmibycndt ckexftd, gjkmpjdfntkzv, lkz ljcnb;tybz wtkb ye;yf cenm, f yt ltnfkb.  njv ckexft, rjulf gjkmpjdfntkm bynthtcetncz bvtyyj ltnfkzvb, e ytuj, hfpevttncz, ljk;yf ,snm djpvj;yjcnm gjkexbnm dc. bcxthgsdf.oe. byajhvfwb.. Înkbxysq cgjcj, — ghjuhtccbdyjt hfcrhsnbt. (Ñv. nfr;t Progressive disclousure controls) Ít njkmrj hfccrfpsdftv, yj b gjrfpsdftvË.,jt yjdjt bkb ckj;yjt dpfbvjltqcndbt ljk;yj ,snm jgbcfyj c ghbvthfvb. Î,extybt yf ghbvthf[ ujhfplj 'aatrnbdytt k.,juj lheujuj. Âytiybq dbl 'ktvtynf eghfdktybz ljk;ty ghtlgjkfufnm vjltkm dpfbvjltqcndbz c ybvÇf cnjkm dbnbtdfnjq ajhvekbhjdrjq rhjtncz ghjcnjt, d ceoyjcnb, endth;ltybt: nj, rfr 'ktvtyn dsukzlbn, j,eckfdkbdftn nj, rfr jy «hf,jnftn». Åo¸ ghjot — ryjgrf dctulf ljk;yf dsukzltnm yf;bvftvjq, f akf;jr (checkbox) — gjlybvftvsv. Ýnj ghfdbkj — jlyj bp cfvs[ cnhjub[ b nht,etn yterjcybntkmyjuj cj,k.ltybz. Ë.,jt hfpyjxntybt d nhfrnjdrt ghtlgjkfuftvjuj gjdtltybz b ghjwtcc dpfbvjltqcndbz gjkmpjdfntkz c cbcntvjq ,eltn hfpheity. Èvtyyj gj'njve rhfqyt htrjvtyletncz ghjdthznm hfphf,fnsdftvst cbcntvs yf cjjndtncndbt cnfylfhnfv jgthfwbjyys[ cbcntv, rjnjhst htukfvtynbhe.n, rfr ghbywbgs dpfbvjltqcndbz, nfr b dytiybq dbl 'ktvtynjd eghfdktybz. (Ñv. nfr;t Affordance) Êjkbxtcndj aeyrwbq yt ljk;yj ghtdsifnm rjkbxtcndj htiftvs[ pflfxÈp,snjxyst aeyrwbb — yfcnjzobq ,bx cjdhtvtyyjuj ghjuhfvvyjuj j,tcgtxtybz. Ðfphf,jnxbrb dczrjq cbcntvs cnhtvzncz ghtlecvjnhtnm dczrjt, lf;t cfvjt ytktgjt ;tkfybt gjkmpjdfntktq, b lj,fdbnm r idtqwfhcrjve yj;e hfpvthfvb c ljv to¸ jlye jnrhsdfkre nhteujkmys[ rjycthdys[ ,fyjr. Ýnj gjhjxyfz ghfrnbrf, dtcmvf gfue,yj dkbz.ofz yf ghjwtcc dpfbvjltqcndbz gjkmpjdfntkz c cbcntvjq. Ïjlj,yst bpscrfybz hfphf,jnxbrjd b ghjtrnbhjdobrjd ytj,[jlbvj ghtctrfnm. Ðtfkbpjdfys ljk;ys ,snm bvtyyj nt aeyrwbb, rjnjhst ltqcndbntkmyj ytj,[jlbvs lkz htitybz gjcnfdktyyjq pflfxb. È kexit dctuj, rjulf njkmrj jyb. Ít gjkfufqntcm yf cj,cndtyyjt vytybt j njv, xtuj [jnzn gjkmpjdfntkb. Èccktleqnt felbnjhb., xnj,s pyfnm njxyj. Èpyfxfkmyst yfcnhjqrb = kexibt yfcnhjqrbÈpyfxfkmyst yfcnhjqrb ljk;ys ,snm ,kbprb r jgnbvfkmysv lkz gjlfdkz.otuj ,jkmibycndf gjkmpjdfntktq, n.r. jyb gjvjuf.n ljcnbxm ytj,[jlbvjuj htpekmnfnf vtymibvb ecbkbzvb. «Ñtk b gjt[fk» — bvtyyj nfrjt gjdtltybt cbcntvs dctulf jcnfdkztn yfbkexitt dgtxfnktybt e gjkmpjdfntktq. Âjj,ot, djpvj;yjcnm vbybvbpbhjdfnm 'ythujpfnhfns yfghzve. cdzpfyj c joeotybtv rfxtcndf ghjlernf. Êfxtcndj — 'nj yt njkmrj j,]trnbdyfz, yj b ce,]trnbdyfz [fhfrnthbcnbrf. Ïhjlern yt ,eltn rfpfnmcz rfxtcndtyysv, tckb lkz tuj pfgecrf nht,etncz gjnhfnbnm vyj;tcndj ecbkbq, lf;t yt cvjnhz yf nj, xnj j,]trnbdyj, dct aeyrwbb dsgjkyz.ncz ,tpeghtxyj. Äj nt[ gjh, gjrf hfphf,fnsdftvsvb ghjlernfvb gjkmpe.ncz k.lb — 'nj ,eltn bvtnm pyfxtybt. Îuhfybxtybz Ðtxm gjql¸n j gcb[jabpbjkjubxtcrb[ juhfybxtybz[, rjnjhst yf ghbywbgs dpfbvjltqcndbz yfrkflsdftn jhufybpv. Íbxtuj kbiytuj yf 'rhfytÊf;lsq 'rhfy ljk;ty cjlth;fnm njkmrj ytj,[jlbve. byajhvfwb.. Ë.lb xbnf.n gjrf bv bynthtcyj. È tckb lkz rjycjkmys[ ghbkj;tybq 'nj ghfdbkj yt ghbvtybvj, nj lkz cfqnjd — ,jktt xtv. Èyajhvfwbb ljk;yj ,snm hjdyj cnjkmrj, crjkmrj nht,etncz lkz htitybz pflfxb. Ít ,jkmit. (Òfr;t cv. Ïhjuhtccbdyjt hfcrhsnbt) Òtrcn ljk;yj ,snm kturj xbnfnmÁerdfkmyj. Õjnz rjhhtrnytt egjnht,bnm ckjdj «cxbnsdfnm». Ðfpevttncz, ghb yf,jht ntrcnf ytkmpz pf,sdfnm j, zpsrjds[ nhflbwbz[ b ghfdbkf[ yf,jhf njq cnhfys, yf zpsrt rjnjhjq yf,bhftncz ntrcn. ÔjhvfnbhjdfybtÒtrcns ljk;ys cjlth;fnm pfujkjdrb, d zdyjv dblt, b rjhjnrbt f,pfws.  'njv ckexft xntybt lf;t cfvs[ j,ibhys[ ntrcnjd cnfyjdbncz lkz gjkmpjdfntktq yt nfrbv nhelj¸vrbv. Íbrfrjq vyjujpflfxyjcnbÍt lkz jgthfnjhf. Ë.lb yt vyjujpflfxys. Èccktljdfybz yf 'ne ntve gjrfpsdf.n cjdthityyj jlyjpyfxyst htpekmnfns. Ïj'njve dct ltqcndbz ljk;ys ,snm gjcktljdfntkmys, f yt gfhfkktkmys. Înyjcbntkmyfz lkbyf cnhjrbÝnj jxtym k.,jgsnyj, b, vtcnfvb, lf;t cnhfyyj, yj bccktljdfybz jlyjpyfxyj gjlndth;lf.n cktle.obq afrn: k.lb ghtlgjxbnf.n xbnfnm rjhjnrbt cnhjrb ntrcnf, yj kexit djcghbybvf.n lkbyyst cnhjrb. Ïj'njve htifqnt cfvb, xnj lkz dfc df;ytt, d njv bkb byjv ckexft: «crjhjcnm» bkb «ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm». Òjkmrj yt pf,sdfqnt, xnj k.lb ghjczn yt j njv, xnj lkz yb[ zdkztncz jgnbvfkmysv. Îib,rb Ë.lb jib,f.ncz. Ïjcnjzyyj b dj dc¸v. Ýnj ytbp,t;yj b ybrfr yt rjynhjkbhetncz. ×nj ,s yb ghblevfkb hfphf,jnxbrb, rfr ,s yb juhfybxbdfkb gjkmpjdfntktq, jib,jxyst ltqcndbz dc¸ hfdyj ,elen ghtlghbyzns. Ê 'njve ye;yj ,snm ujnjdsv. Ñbcntvf ljk;yf ghtldjc[bofnm jib,jxyst ltqcndbz gjkmpjdfntktq.À tckb 'nj ytdjpvj;yj, nj, rfr vbybvev, rjhhtrnyj j,hf,fnsdfnm jib,rb b gjvjufnm gjkmpjdfntk. yt ljgecrfnm b[ dghtlm. Ïjlndth;ltybzÅckb jib,rf ghbdjlbn r cth]¸pysv gjcktlcndbzv, ghjcbnt e gjkmpjdfntkz gjlndthlbnm ltqcndbt gthtl ntv, rfr yfxy¸nt xnj-nj ltkfnm. Øfu yfpflÍe;yj bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm kturj jnvtybnm k.,jt ltqcndbt. Ýnj jxtym df;yj. Ñbcntvf yt vj;tn cxbnfnmcz [jhjitq, tckb dct htpekmnfns t¸ hf,jns ytj,hfnbvs. Ïhtdtynbdyjt rjhhtrnbhjdfybt gjdtltybzÃjhfplj, ujhfplj kexit yt lfnm jib,bnmcz djj,ot, xtv gjvjufnm bcghfdbnm e;t cjdthi¸yye. jib,re. Ëexitt cjj,otybt j, jib,rt — jncencnde.ott. Ènthfnbdyjcnm×tv ckj;ytt b jndtncndtyytt dsgjkyztvfz jgthfwbz, ntv ,jkmit dthjznyjcnm jib,bnmcz. Ëexit, rjulf ckj;yst jgthfwbb hfp,bns yf vyj;tcndj vtkrb[, gjcktljdfntkmys[ bnthfwbq, n.r. rf;lfz bp yb[, gj jnltkmyjcnb, ,tpjgfcytt. ÍfextybtÅckb cbcntvf vj;tn bcghfdbnm jib,re, ljgeotyye. gjkmpjdfntktv — jyf ljk;yf 'nj cltkfnm. Íj, gjvbvj 'njuj, jyf ljk;yf gjrfpfnm htpekmnfn bcghfdktybz d zdyjv dblt. Ïjkmpjdfntkm pfgjvybn, b d cktle.obq hfp yt jib,¸ncz. Ïhjdthznm ye;yj dc¸Îib,f.ncz yt njkmrj gjkmpjdfntkb. Òt, rnj ghjtrnbhe.n bynthatqc, b nt, rnj tuj htfkbpjdsdf.n, jib,f.ncz yt ht;t. Ïthtghjdthznm ye;yj pf dctvb. Âs ljk;ys ,snm edthtys, xnj dfv [dfnbn dhtvtyb b cbk yf nj, xnj,s dsckeifnm gjkmpjdfntktq, ghjdtcnb ntcnbhjdfybt b dc¸ gthtltkfnm. Ïfvznm Ïfvznm — dtcmvf ckj;ysq vt[fybpv. Î, 'njv ye;yj gjvybnm. Íf gfvznm ytkmpz gjkfufnmczÑbcntvf yt vj;tn hfccxbnsdfnm njkmrj yf nj, xnj e k.ltq jyf tcnm. Êfr bpdtcnyj, djcgjvbyfybz gjcnjzyyj dbljbpvtyz.ncz, j,hfcnfz ytceotcnde.obvb ltnfkzvb. Înrhjdtyyj ujdjhz, xtkjdtxtcrbt djcgjvbyfybz ghfdlbds kbim jnxfcnb. Âjcgjvbyfybt — 'nj yt djcghjbpdtltybt, 'nj htrjycnherwbz, jcyjdfyyfz yf ckj;ytqitv vt[fybpvt, rjnjhsq jnlfk¸yyj yfgjvbyftn afctnysq rkfccbabrfnjh. Ïj'njve, ujhfplj kexit, tckb cbcntvf yfgjvbyftn gjkmpjdfntk. j x¸v-kb,j ltqcndbtv, yt;tkb ckjdjv. Ñkjdj cenm dctuj kbim ccskrf yf gjyznbt, rjnjhjt [hfybncz d gfvznb d ytbvjdthyj ckj;yjv dblt. Âjccjplfnm ltqcndbt jcyjdsdfzcm yf ckjdt ujhfplj nhelytt. Çfgjvbyfnm yt j,zpfntkmyjÏfvznm — rjycnherwbz [hegrfz. Âjcgjvbyfybz ,scnhj e[jlzn. Ít pfcnfdkzqnt gjkmpjdfntkz gjcnjzyyj pfgjvbyfnm xnj-nj, jn ltqcndbz r ltqcndb.. Ýnj, rfr vbybvev, ,tcgjktpyj. Âc¸ hfdyj yt pfgjvybn. À tckb b pfgjvybn, nj vt[fybxtcrb, yt jcjpyfdfz cenb dsgjkyztvs[ ghjwtccjd.  cdj. jxthtlm, 'nj xhtdfnj gjzdktybtv jib,jxyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz ghb k.,jv, lf;t vbybvfkmyjv bpvtytybb if,kjyf gjdtltybz. 3-4Âjghtrb hfc[j;tve vbae j njv, xnj xtkjdtr vj;tn pf jlby hfp lth;fnm d gfvznb 7±2 j,]trnf, ghfrnbxtcrbt bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdf.n, xnj ltqcndbntkmyjt rjkbxtcndj j,]trnjd — 3-4. (Ñv. nfr;t 7±2 is an urban legend, .pdf) Ñjwbfkmyjcnm Ífdsrb j,otybz, j,vtyf byajhvfwbtq, dscnhfbdfybz jnyjitybq vt;le jcj,zvb b uheggfvb hfpdbdfkbcm yf ghjnz;tybb nsczxtktnbq xtkjdtxtcrjq bcnjhbb. Îxtdblyj, xnj ghtyt,htufnm bvb ytkmpz. Ätkbnmcz b j,vtybdfnmczÈyajhvfwbtq bkb htpekmnfnfvb hf,jns bkb to¸ xtv-nj. Ë.lb ltkfkb 'nj dctulf. È ,elen ghjljk;fnm ltkfnm lf;t d njv ckexft, tckb cbcntvf, rjnjhe. ds hfphf,fnsdftnt, yt gjpdjkztn ltkfnm 'njuj yfghzve.. Ñgjcj, dc¸ hfdyj ,eltn yfqlty. Ãjhfplj kexit, tckb ,elen infnyst chtlcndf, ghjdthtyyst b yfl¸;yst. Ïjkmpjdfntkb ,elen ,kfujlfhys. Ïjvjom pfkfÊjulf gjkmpjdfntkm yt pyftn xnj ltkfnm, jy cghfibdftn e lheub[. Ýnj yfpsdftncz «cjwbfkmysv endth;ltybtv». Ýnj, d j,otv, ghbxbyf, gj rjnjhjq nfr gjgekzhys htqnbyub b j,pjhs. Ïktxjv r gktxeÅckb gjkmpjdfntkb ltkf.n rfrjt-nj ltkj d jlyj dhtvz (cby[hjyyj), 'nj j,]tlbyztn b[, ,erdfkmyj, yf ehjdyt c[jlys[ [bvbxtcrb[ htfrwbq d vjput. Ñj,cndtyyj, rfr b dczrjuj hjlf dtctkmt. :) Äjku gkfnt;jv...Åckb ds xnj-nj lkz vtyz cltkftnt, z ,ele xedcndjdfnm ct,z j,zpfyysv. Òfrjq djn ghbywbg dpfbvyjcnb. Èccktljdfybz gjrfpsdf.n, xnj yf bynthatqcs cbcntv 'nj nj;t hfcghjcnhfyztncz. Åckb [jnbnt, r ghbvthe, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkb pfgjkybkb ajhve, cyfxfkf lfqnt, bkb [jnz ,s gjj,tofqnt bv xnj-nj, b njkmrj gjckt 'njuj ghjcbnt pfgjkybnm ajhve. Ít yfj,jhjn! Ïjdnjhtybt — vfnm extybzÎgznm ;t, d ,erdfkmyjv cvsckt. Êjulf ds dblbnt, rfr rnj-nj xnj-nj ltkftn, xnj eujlyj, xfcnm dfituj vjpuf hf,jnftn nfr, ckjdyj ds cfvb ltkftnt nj ;t cfvjt. (cv. Çthrfkmyst ytqhjys) Èvbnfwbz — 'nj htaktrc. Õjnbnt, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkb xnj-nj cltkfkb jghtltk¸yysv j,hfpjv? Ïjrf;bnt bv. 150 lheptqÑjwbfkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt cbcntvs vj;tn ,snm jcyjdfyj, vfrcbvev, yf 150 ecnjqxbds[ cjwbfkmys[ cdzpz[, yj ljk;yj gjllth;bdfnm nsczxb ckf,s[. Ócnjqxbdst cdzpb — 'nj, j,sxyj ckexfqyst pyfrjvcndf, xfot ,kbprbt. Íj nsczxb ahtyljd d Ôtqc,ert — 'nj yt ktutylf. Ñbcntvf ljk;yf vfcinf,bhjdfnmcz b lj nfrb[ hfpvthjd. (cv. Facebook) Âybvfybt ß dc¸ ,jkmit e,t;lf.cm d njv, xnj fltrdfnyfz hf,jnf c dybvfybtv — 'nj rk.x r cjplfyb. ghbdktrfntkmys[ bynthatqcjd. ß to¸ yfgbie ghj 'nj ytcrjkmrj cnfntq. Êk.xtdst ntvs — 'nj pfdkfltybt dybvfybtv b tuj elth;fybt, yt jndktrfz. Ít jndktrfqntÄkz njuj, xnj,s pflfxf ,skf dsgjkytyf 'aatrnbdyj, gjkmpjdfntkm ljk;ty cjchtljnjxbnmcz yf t¸ dsgjkytybb. Åckb gjkmpjdfntkm cjchtljnjxbkcz, yt jndktrfqnt tuj gj gecnzrfv. (Ñv. Ñjcnjzybt gjnjrf) ÎndktrfqntÅckb [jnbnt, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkm j,hfnbk yf xnj-nj dybvfybt — cltkfqnt 'njn j,]trn ytj,sxysv, yt nfrbv, rfr jcnfkmyst. Îy j,zpfntkmyj pfvtnbn Ìtyzqntcm frrehfnyjÍtkmpz gjkfufnmcz yf nj, xnj gjkmpjdfntkm j,hfnbn dybvfybt yf ytpyfxbntkmyst bpvtytybz d bynthatqct. È lf;t yf pyfxbntkmyst. Åcnm vfccf pf,fdys[ ghbvthjd, rjulf k.ltq jcnfyfdkbdf.n yf ekbwt, xnj,s cghjcbnm ljhjue, b jyb yt pfvtxf.n, rfr gjlvtyz.n jcnfyjdbdituj b[ xtkjdtrf. (cv. Change blindness) Êhfcysq cdbcnjr×nj,s ghbdktxm dybvfybt, bcgjkmpeqnt zhrbt wdtnf, rhegyst ihbans bkb pderb. Ýnj njxyj hf,jnftn. Ít jndktrfqnt, x.2Ë.lb jndktrf.ncz ktuxt dctuj. À djn cjchtljnfxbdf.ncz ytj[jnyj. Åckb ds yt [jnbnt, xnj,s k.lb jndktrfkbcm, yt bcgjkmpeqnt cdthrf.oe. fybvfwb. bkb fdnjvfnbxtcrjt ghjbuhsdfybt dbltjhjkbrjd yf cnhfybwf[, bkb yfj,jhjn — bcgjkmpeqnt, tckb [jnbnt ghbdktxm 'nbv dybvfybt. Ïjnht,yjcnb Êjkm crjhj vs ujdjhbv j, byajhvfwbjyys[ cbcntvf[, j,hfnbv dybvfybt yf gjnht,yjcnm xtkjdtrf d byajhvfwbb b d rjynhjkt. ÄjafvbyÄjafvby — 'nj ujhvjy, rjnjhsq cke;bn df;yjq xfcnm. cbcntvs dyenhtyytuj gjjohtybz vjpuf, n.r. dspsdftn xedcndj eljdktndjhtybz. Äjafvby pfcnfdkztn yfc ;tkfnm tls, ctrcf, byajhvfwbb. Î,extybt — jlby bp ljafvbyj-cnbvekbhetvs[ ghjwtccjd. Ë.lb dctulf [jnzn ,jkmit byajhvfwbb. (Ñv. Äjafvby) Åo¸ ,jkmit byajhvfwbb×fot dctuj k.lb [jnzn gjkexbnm ,jkmit byajhvfwbb, xtv vjuen j,hf,jnfnm. Ájkmijt rjkbxtcndj byajhvfwbb cjplf¸n bkk.pb. ytjuhfybxtyyjuj ds,jhf. Ítjuhfybxtyysq ds,jh cjplf¸n bkk.pb. rjynhjkz yfl cbnefwbtq — dctulf tcnm fkmnthyfnbdf, ds[jl. Èkk.pbz rjynhjkz gjpdjkztn k.lzv xedcndjdfnm ct,z ,jktt pfobo¸yysvb. Î,hfnyfz cdzpmÂf;yjcnm j,hfnyjq cdzpb ckj;yj gthtjwtybnm. Îlyfrj yt dc¸ nfr ghjcnj. Ñbcntvf yt ljk;yf ujdjhbnm gjkmpjdfntk., xnj jyf, ljgecnbv, rjgbhetn afqk. ×tkjdtr ljk;ty gjybvfnm, xnj ghjbc[jlbn. Átp ltnfktq htfkbpfwbb. Ítjcjpyfyyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt Ìsckbntkmysq ghjwtcc ytdjpvj;yj jcnfyjdbnm. Ðtlrj rjve elf¸ncz ljcnbuyenm 'njuj ,elexb ;bdsv. Ïj'njve ytkmpz c,hfcsdfnm cj cxtnjd njn afrn, xnj ,jkmibycndj vsckbntkmys[ ghjwtccjd ghjbc[jlzn ytjcjpyfyyj. În vfkjuj r ,jkmijveË.lzv yfvyjuj ghjot ltqcndjdfnm bvtyyj gj yfhfcnf.otq. Õjnbnt, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkm cltkfk rfrjt-nj ,jkmijt ltqcndbt — gecnm cgthdf cltkftn vfktymrjt. Ê ghbvthe, cyfxfkf htubcnhbhetvcz, xnj,s gjkexbnm ,tcgkfnye. dthcb.. Ïjnjv j,yjdkztv ,tcgkfnye. lj gkfnyjq. Ð-rjvgktrc«Ðtnbrekzhysq vjpu» (Ð-rjvgktrc) dkbztn yf ,jkmibycndj ghbybvftvs[ yfvb htitybq. Îy jndtxftn pf ,fpjdst bycnbyrns: ds;bdfybt b hfpvyj;tybt. Ò.t. pf tle, ctrc b ,tpjgfcyjcnm. Èvtyyj gj'njve 'nb nhb ntvs ghbdktrf.n cnjkmrj dybvfybz. (Ñv. Ôbpbjkjubz ÖÍÑ) Ë.lb b b[ bcnjhbbËbv,bxtcrfz cbcntvf ujkjdyjuj vjpuf, buhf.ofz dtcmvf pyfxbntkmye. hjkm d ghbyznbb htitybq, frnbdyj htfubhetn yf bpj,hf;tybz, jcj,tyyj bpj,hf;tybz k.ltq, b yf bcnjhbb. (Ñv. Ëbv,bxtcrfz cbcntvf) Ítjcjpyfyyfz frnbdyjcnm ghbywbgt, yf ytgjpyfdftvst ghjwtccs vj;yj dkbznm. Èccktljdfybz gjrfpsdf.n, xnj nfrbt ckjdf, rfr «gtycbz», «gkz;», «ecnfkjcnm» vjuen pfcnfdbnm lf;t vjkjljuj xtkjdtrf [jlbnm vtlktyytt. Èvtyyj gj'njve ye;yj dybvfntkmyj cktlbnm pf ntv, xnj b rfr ujdjhbncz d cbcntvt. (Ñv. Framing effect) ÐfwbjyfkmyjcnmÑbcntvs vjpuf ghtrhfcyj hf,jnf.n b ,tp jcjpyfyys[ pyfybq. Ïhb 'njv, xtkjdtr dctulf vj;tn ghbgbcfnm hfwbjyfkmyjt j,]zcytybt k.,jve cdjtve gjcnegre. Îlyfrj 'nj j,]zcytybt ybrjulf yt ,sdftn bcxthgsdf.obv. ×fot dctuj 'nj lf;t yt xfcnm ghbxbys. Ýnjn afrn ye;yj ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt. Ít bcrk.xtyj, xnj ltqcndbz gjkmpjdfntktq vjuen ,snm jcjpyfyysvb njkmrj jnxfcnb. Ñjpyfntkmyjt vjltkbhjdfybt Êfr e;t ujdjhbkjcm dsit, k.lb gjcnjzyyj j x¸v-yb,elm levf.n. Îlby bp df;ytqib[ fcgtrnjd vsiktybz — vjltkbhjdfybt. Ìjltkm ghtlgjkfuftvjuj gjdtltybz — jlyf bp jcyjd jcjpyfyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Ñjjndtncndbt vjltkbÏthtl yfxfkjv rfrjuj-kb,j jcjpyfyyjuj ltqcndbz k.lb dctulf ghtlcnfdkz.n ct,t, rfr jyb ,elen 'nj ltkfnm. Ätqcndbt ghb 'njv vj;tn ,snm k.,sv: jn xntybz rybub lj eghfdktybz rjcvbxtcrbv rjhf,k¸v. Ìjltkbhjdfybt ghjbc[jlbn dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn ckj;yjcnb ghjwtccf. Âf;yj, xnj,s 'nj j,cnjzntkmcndj dctulf ghbybvfkjcm dj dybvfybt. (Ñv. Ñjjndtncndbt vjltkb) Ñjjndtncndbt vjltkb x.2Ñjjndtncndbt bkb ytcjjndtncndbt fkujhbnvf dsgjkytybz pflfxb (jcj,tyyj htlrjq) vjltkb, rjnjhfz yf[jlbncz d ujkjdt e jgthfnjhf, vj;tn cltkfnm bynthatqc, rfr ghjcnsv, nfr b ytdjpvj;yj ckj;ysv d bcgjkmpjdfybb. Ñjjndtncndbt vjltkb x.3Ñ lheujq cnjhjys, k.lb — ceotcndf xhtpdsxfqyj j,exftvst. Åckb ds yt vj;tnt dszcybnm, rfrbv jyb ghtlcnfdkz.n ct,t njn bkb byjq ghjwtcc, yfexbnt b[ dsgjkyznm tuj gj dfitve fkujhbnve. Ìjltkm ckj;bncz cfvf cj,jq. ÌtnfajhsÌtnfajhs — jxtym elj,ysq cgjcj, gjvjxm gjkmpjdfntkzv cjplfnm rjywtgnefkmye. vjltkm cbcntvs. Ê ghbvthe: «Îxtym gj[j;t yf xntybt rybub».  'njv endth;ltybb ljcnfnjxyj byajhvfwbb, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkm ghtlcnfdbk ct,t ghbywbgs hf,jns cbcntvs. Èccktleqnt gjkmpjdfntktqÂf;ytqibv gjdjljv lkz ghjdtltybz bccktljdfybz chtlb gjkmpjdfntktq zdkztncz ytj,[jlbvjcnm gjkextybz byajhvfwbb j rjywtgnefkmys[ vjltkz[, rjnjhst jyb cjplf.n. Çhbntkmyst juhfybxtybz Èpdtcnysq dctv afrn: 70% dctq byajhvfwbb k.lb gjkexf.n c gjvjom. phtybz. Îxtdblyj, 'nj df;ytqibq lkz yfc jhufy xedcnd. Ítkmpz yt j,hfofnm dybvfybt yf jcj,tyyjcnb tuj hf,jns. Ðfphjpytyyjcnm b ajrecÄkz njuj, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkb vjukb ,tp nhelf yf[jlbnm ukfpfvb byajhvfwb., uheggbheqnt t¸. Ðfphjpytyyjcnm j,]trnjd d bynthatqct ceotcndtyyj pfnhelyztn djcghbznbt. Ñdzpyjcnm j,]trnjdÅckb j,]trns cdzpfys, jyb ljk;ys yf[jlbnmcz ,kbprj lheu r lheue. Îcj,tyyjcnm phbntkmyjuj djcghbznbz nfrjdf, xnj j,]trns, rjnjhst yf[jlzncz hzljv, djcghbybvf.ncz xfcnzvb jlyjq cbcntvs. (Ñv. Prägnanz, cv. Êjycnfyns djcghbznbz d utinfkmngcb[jkjubb) Ðfpvth ihbanf×tv rhegytt b jnx¸nkbdtt yfxthnfybt ihbanf, ntv ktuxt xbnfnm. Íbrjulf yfj,jhjn. Ïj'njve cktletn bp,tufnm vtkrjuj b ltrjhfnbdyjuj yfxthnfybz ,erd. Ïthbathbqyjt phtybtÈccktljdfybz gjrfpsdf.n, xnj gthbathbqyjt phtybt bcgjkmpetncz lkz dszdktybz cenb zdktybz bkb j,]trnf, yf rjnjhsq cvjnhbn xtkjdtr. Ñj,cndtyyj, 'nj j,cnjzntkmcndj ytj,[jlbvj j,zpfntkmyj ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt. Ýktvtyn bynthatqcf b tuj jrhe;tybt dctulf cdzpfyys. (Ñ lheujq cnjhjys, bccktljdfybz ldb;tybz ukfp jxtym bynthtcys njkmrj gjnjve, xnj gjyznyj rnj b yf xnj cvjnhbn. Íj cvjnhtnm, yt pyfxbn dbltnm.) (Ñv. Eyetracking) ÊjynhfcnÑkj;ytt dctuj xtkjdtre djcghbybvfnm rhfcysq b cbybq wdtnf dvtcnt. Êhfcysq ntrcn yf cbytv ajyt bkb yfj,jhjn — 'nj nj, xtuj ye;yj bp,tufnm. Ñ lheujq cnjhjys, xtv rjynhfcnytt ntrcn, ntv kexit jy djcghbybvftncz. Íj b nen tcnm juhfybxtybz, n.r. yfb,jktt rjynhfcnysv cjxtnfybtv zdkztncz dsdjhjnrf, bcgjkmpjdfnm rjnjhe. ye;yj jxtym frrehfnyj b d juhfybxtyys[ rjkbxtcndf[. Íf,jh dsdjhjnrjq ljk;ty ,snm rhegytt j,sxyjuj b yt ,jktt lde[ nsczx pyfrjd c ghj,tkfvb. Ïjcnjzyysq yf,jh dsdjhjnrjq bcgjkmpetncz njkmrj lkz k.ltq c jckf,ktyysv phtybtv. (Ñv. Âsdjhjnrf) ÏthcgtrnbdfÈpj,hf;tybz bkb j,]trns djcghbybvf.ncz kexit, tckb jyb ytvyjuj gjd¸hyens, ghbgjlyzns yfl djj,hf;ftvjq gjdth[yjcnm. bkb bpj,hf;tys d ghzvjq kbytqyjq gthcgtrnbdt. (Ñv. Ïthcgtrnbdf) Ödtn b ntrcnÅckb lkz dbpefkmyjq uheggbhjdrb bcgjkmpetncz wdtnjdjt rjlbhjdfybt, e,tlbntcm d njv, xnj tcnm le,kbhe.obq cgjcj, gjrfpfnm nj ;t cfvjt. Ít pf,sdfqnt j njv, xnj vyjubt k.lb yt hfpkbxf.n wdtnjd. (Ñv. Äfkmnjybpv) |
