Ýne cnfnm. d 2000 ujle yfgbcfk yt,tpspdtcnysq
dt,-hfphf,jnxbr Ïtnth-Ïfekm Êj[ (Peter-Paul Koch), rjnjhsq gjllth;bdftn
jlby bp kexib[ htcehcjd gj JavaScript http://www.xs4all.nl/. Åuj
dpukzls yf XHTML dj vyjujv cjdgflf.n c vjbvb kbxysvb dpukzlfvb yf 'njn
zpsr hfpvtnrb. Ïj ghjitcndbb lde[ ktn vj;yj crfpfnm, xnj PPK ,sk
cjdthityyj ghfd, ntv bynthtcytt ,eltn xbnfnm...
Ásnm dt,-hfphf,jnxbrjv ytkturj. Ìfkj njuj, xnj dfv yflj rf;lsq
ltym j,[jlbnm kjdeirb b pfgflyb gjgekzhys[ ,hfepthjd, nfr tot yflj [jnz
,s dgjkukfpf cktlbnm pf nt[yjkjubzvb, rjnjhst vjuen gjdkbznm (bkb yt
gjdkbznm), yf dfie hf,jne. Ïjrf ds cjdthitycndetnt cdjt vfcnthcndj d
hf,jnt c nf,kbwfvb cnbktq b DHTML, yf yjdst nt[yjkjubb yt jcnftncz
dhtvtyb. Êfrbt bp yb[ df;ys d yfcnjzobq vjvtyn? Êfrbt vj;yj gjrf
ghjbuyjhbhjdfnm?
 'njq cnfnmt z dshf;f. cdjq dpukzl yf zpsr, rjnjhsq W3C
hfphf,jnfkj gjl dbljv ekexitybz HTML: XHTML. Ñjukfcbntcm ds cj vyjq bkb
ytn, d k.,jv ckexft cnfnmz pfcnfdbn dfc pflevfnmcz b gjvj;tn ghbyznm
htitybt.
Âyfxfkt z j,]zcy., xnj nfrjt XHTML, pfntv lfv xtnsht ghfdbkf
lkz yfgbcfybt rjhhtrnyjuj XHTML, b d pfrk.xtybb crf;e ytcrjkmrj ckjd j
njv, pfxtv dfv vj;tn gjyflj,bncz XHTML.
×nj ;t nfrjt XHTML?
XHTML - 'nj HTML, pfgbcfyysq d cjjndtncndbb c cbynfrcbxtcrbvb
ghfdbkfvb XML. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, lkz gjybvfybz XHTML vs ljk;ys gjyznm XML.
Î ytv e;t yfgbcfyj vyjuj cnfntq, nfr xnj juhfybxbvcz rhfnrbv jgbcfybtv:
XML - 'nj j,j,otyysq zpsr hfpvtnrb. Â jnkbxbt jn HTML, XML
gjpdjkztn cjplfdfnm cj,cndtyyst ntub b nfrbv j,hfpjv ajhvbhjdfnm
cj,cndtyye. cnhernehe ljrevtynf. Âfv ye;ty ntu ? Äj,fdmnt tuj d dfi
ljrevtyn, e,tlbntcm xnj ghjuhfvvf pyftn, xnj j,jpyfxftn 'njn ntu, b dct
ujnjdj.
Ñeotcndetn ytcrjkmrj ghjcns[ ghfdbk lkz XML ljrevtynf (jyb
,elen gthtxbcktys yb;t). Äj nt[ gjh, gjrf dct ntub yfgbcfys cjukfcyj
'nbv ghfdbkfv, XML ,tp hfpybws, xnj 'nb ntub j,jpyfxf.n. XML j,j,otyysq
zpsr hfpvtnrb, nfr xnj ds vj;tnt tuj bcgjkmpjdfnm rfr dfv eujlyj.
 ghjnbdjgjkj;yjcnm XML, HTML ujhfplj ,jktt cnhjuj jghtltktyysq
zpsr hfpvtnrb c juhfybxtyysv yf,jhjv ntujd. Â k.,jv ckexft, j,obq
[fhfrnth XML gjpdjkztn hfccvfnhbdfnm HTML-ljrevtyns rfr XML-ljrevtyns c
yf,jhjv ntujd lkz jnj,hf;tybz d dt,-,hfepthf[. Îlyfrj, cnfhst cnfylfhns
HTML yt lj rjywf cjdvtcnbvs c XML. Ífghbvth, d HTML ytj,zpfntkmyj
pfrhsdfnm ntu, nj tcnm ntu vj;yj jgecrfnm. Ât,-,hfepthe yf 'nj gktdfnm,
nfr rfr jy pfghjuhfvvbhjdfy, yj XML-gfhcth dslfcn jib,re j njv, xnj dfi
HTML-ljrevtyn yt zdkztncz "ghfdbkmyj cajhvbhjdfyysv" (well-formed).
×nj,s ecnhfybnm hfphsd vt;le 'nbvb ldevz zpsrfvb hfpvtnrb b ,sk
hfphf,jnfy XHTML. Ïj ceotcnde 'nj j,sxysq HTML, d rjnjhsq lj,fdbkb
cbynfrcbxtcrbt ghfdbkf XML lkz cjplfybz well-formed ljrevtynjd. Òfr xnj
dt,-cnhfybws cnfyen XML-cjdvtcnbvsvb, f dt,-hfphf,jnxbrb gjpyfrjvzncz c
cbynfrcbcjv XML.
Ïhfdbkf buhs
Íf ghfrnbrt, d HTML yflj lj,fdbnm xtnsht ghfdbkf, xnj,s gjkexbkcz XHTML:
- Âct ntub ljk;ys ,snm pfgbcfys d yb;ytv htubcnht, nj tcnm ytkmpz gbcfnm <BODY>, f yflj gbcfnm <body>
- Âct
ntub ljk;ys ,snm pfrhsns 2a. Â ckexft, tckb 'ktvtyn yt bvttn
pfrhsdf.otuj ntuf (yfghbvth, <IMG> bkb <BR>), yflj
lj,fdkznm ck'i d rjywt ntuf <img /> b <br />
- Âkj;tyyjcnm
ntujd ljk;yf ,snm rjhhtrnyjq. Ífghbvth, ytkmpz gbcfnm
<B><P>ntrcn</B></P>, f yflj gbcfnm
<p><b>ntrcn</b></p>
- Âct fnhb,ens ljk;ys
,snm pfrk.xtys d rfdsxrb. Ífghbvth, ytkmpz gbcfnm <P
ALIGN=center>, f yflj gbcfnm <p align="center">.
Õjhjifz yjdjcnm d njv, xnj e ,hfepthjd ghfrnbxtcrb ytn ghj,ktv c
XHTML. Âjj,ot ujdjhz, ghfdbkf 1, 2 b 4 e;t tcnm d HTML, yj yt zdkz.ncz
j,zpfntkmysvb, njulf rfr ghfdbkj 3 zdkztncz j,zpfntkmysv, [jnz ,hfepths
d ,jkmibycndt ckexftd buyjhbhe.n jib,rb dkj;tyyjcnb. Ålbycndtyyjt
ltqcndbntkmyj yjdjt ghfdbkj - 'nj ghfdbkj 2f. Îlyfrj, 'nj ghfdbkj
ghbdjlbn r ghj,ktvfv cj cnfhsvb ,hfepthfvb njkmrj d njv ckexft, rjulf
ds pfgbcsdftnt ck'i ,tp ghj,tkjd, djn nfr
. Áhfepth levftn, xnj
'nj ntu br/, f nfrjuj jy pyfnm yt pyftn, nfr xnj ybrfr yf ytuj yt
jnhtfubhetn. Åckb dcnfdkznm ghj,tk, nj ghj,ktvf ,eltn htityf. Åckb ds
yfgbibnt
, nj ,hfepth edblbn ntu br c ytbpdtcnysv fnhb,enjv /. Òtu
br ,eltn jnhf,jnfy rjhhtrnyj, f ytbpdtcnysq fnhb,en / nb[j
ghjbuyjhbhjdfy.
Ïkj[fz yjdjcnm d njv, xnj vyjubv ghbltncz bpvtybnm cdjb
ghbdsxrb rjlbhjdfybz. Ëbxyj vyt yt yhfdbncz ghfdbkj 1. Âj-gthds[, z yt
vjue gjyznm, gjxtve XML ntub vjuen ,snm njkmrj d yb;ytv htubcnht, dj
dnjhs[, z dctulf gbie ntub d dth[ytv htubcnht, gjnjve xnj njulf jyb
kexit dsltkz.ncz d ntrcnt. Ïjxtve z ljk;ty jnrfpfnmcz jn 'njuj, tckb
'nj elj,yj? Â k.,jv ckexft, z yt bpvty. cdjb[ ghbdsxtr ,tp dtcrjq yf nj
ghbxbys.
Çfxtv bcgjkmpjdfnm XHTML?
Ènfr, pfxtv bcgjkmpjdfnm XHTML dvtcnj cnfhjuj lj,hjuj HTML? Êjycjhwbev W3C dsltkztn cktle.obt ghbxbys:
"Ðfphf,jnxbrb ljrevtynjd b hfphf,jnxbrb ,hfepthjd jnrhj.n yjdst
genb dshf;tybz cdjb[ bltq xthtp yjde. hfpvtnre. Â XML jnyjcbntkmyj
kturj ddjlbnm yjdst 'ktvtyns bkb yjdst fnhb,ens. ßpsr XHTML hfphf,jnfy
lkz cjukfcjdfybz 'njuj hfcibhtybz gjchtlcndjv cgtwbfkmys[
XHTML-vjlektq, rjnjhst vj;yj hfphf,fnsdfnm cjdthityyj cfvjcnjzntkmyj.
Ýnb vjlekb gjpdjkzn rjv,bybhjdfnm ceotcnde.obt b yjdst djpvj;yjcnb ghb
hfphf,jnrt yjds[ ljrevtynjd b yjds[ ,hfepthjd."
"Ïjcnjzyyj gjzdkz.ncz yjdst fkmnthyfnbdyst cgjcj,s ljcnegf d
bynthytn. [:] XHTML hfphf,fnsdfkcz c extnjv j,otq cjdvtcnbvjcnb
gjkmpjdfntkmcrb[ ,hfepthjd (user agents). Òfr xnj,s yjdst
gjkmpjdfntkmcrbt ,hfepths, cthdthf b ghjrcb vjukb ljcnbxm yfbkexitq
nhfycajhvfwbb rjyntynf. Â rjytxyjv cxtnt, vj;yj ,eltn hfphf,jnfnm
XHTML-rjyajhvysq rjyntyn, rjnjhsq ,eltn ljcnegty bp k.,juj
XHTML-rjyajhvyjuj gjkmpjdfntkmcrjuj ,hfepthf"
Êjhjxt ujdjhz d ,eleotv, rjnjhjt gjrf ytbpdtcnyj, ekexitybz
XHTML ,elen gjpdjkznm hfphf,jnxbrfv bcgjkmpjdfnm yjdtqibt, gjrf yt
yfgbcfyyst, vjlekb lkz hfcibhtybz XHTML, xnj,s drk.xfnm yjdst, gjrf yt
jghtltktyyst, dtob d cdjb dt,-cnhfybws. Â lj,fdjr rj dctve, W3C
j;blftn, xnj d ,eleobt ,hfepths ,elen bcgjkmpjdfnm XHTML dvtcnj HTML.
X 'nj bp cdjtuj cgbcrf
ß yt cxbnf., xnj 'nb[ lde[ ghbxby ljcnfnjxyj lkz njuj, xnj,s vs, dt,-hfphf,jnxbrb, gthtikb c HTML yf XHTML.
Ïthdfz ghbxbyf d yfcnjzobq vjvtyn yt df;yf cfvf gj ct,t.
Âjpvj;yj, vjlekb XHTML jitkjvzn yfc, djpvj;yj, jyb djj,ot yb yf xnj yt
cujlzncz. Â k.,jv ckexft, gjzdzncz jyb ujlf xthtp ldf-nhb, nfr xnj vs
gjrf lf;t yt vj;tv ghtlgjkfufnm, rfr jyb ,elen hf,jnfnm b xnj jyb ,elen
ltkfnm. Äf;t tckb c ybvb yt ,eltn jcj,s[ ghj,ktv, vs dct hfdyj gjrf
ybxtuj yt vj;tv c ybvb cltkfnm bkb rfr-nj ghbujnjdbnmcz r b[ gjzdktyb..
Ânjhfz ghbxbyf gjrf nj;t yt df;yf. Â yfcnjzott dhtvz ytn xbcns[
XHTML-rjyajhvys[ ,hfepthjd, rjnjhsv ytj,[jlbv XHTML. Äf b djj,ot
ytbpdtcnyj, gjzdzncz kb jyb rjulf-kb,j. Â rjywt rjywjd, tckb ds
cjplflbnt ,hfepth, rjnjhsq jnj,hf;ftn njkmrj XHTML, jy yt ,eltn
rjhhtrnyj jnj,hf;fnm HTML-cnhfybws. Ïhjbpdjlbntkb ,hfepthjd 'njuj
cjdctv yt [jnzn.
Ó ghbvthe, Ýllb Êjytxysq-Ïjkmpjdfntkm pf[jlbn yf cdjq k.,bvsq
cfqn yjdsv, nht,e.obv XHTML, njkmrj xnj ecnfyjdktyysv ,hfepthjv
Ókmnhf-Áhfpeth X7 b dblbn njkmrj vyj;tcndj cjj,otybq j, jib,rf[,
rfcf.ob[cz dfkblyjcnb XHTML-rjlf. ×nj jy gjlevftn: "Ïhjrkznst
dt,-hfphf,jnxbrb! Âs ljk;ys ,skb bcgjkmpjdfnm XHTML!" bkb "Õhtyjd
,hfepth c rextq ,fujd!"?
Òfr xnj, tckb yjdsq ,hfepth dsqltn, hfphf,jnxbrb dct hfdyj
gjpf,jnzncz j gjllth;rt cnfhjuj lj,hjuj HTML. Íjdst ,hfepths yf
rfrb[-nj yjds[ gkfnajhvf[ djpvj;yj b ,elen nht,jdfnm XHTML ([jnz z nfr
yt levf.), yj Netscape b Explorer ybrjulf, gjnjve xnj jyb ljk;ys ,snm
rjycthdfnbdysvb d ds,jht zpsrf.
Çfgfc ghjxyjcnb
ß levf., xnj vyjubt k.lb ytljjwtybdf.n pfgfc ghjxyjcnb HTML. Ýnj
cnfylfhn yf ctujlyziybq vjvtyn, ,tp rjnjhjuj ds yt cvj;tnt cltkfnm
dt,-cnhfybwe. Ïjnjve xnj dct dt,-hfphf,jnxbrb bcgjkmpe.n HTML. Ïjnjve
xnj bp-pf 'njuj dct ,eleobt ,hfepths, rjnjhst [jnzn jnj,hf;fnm
nhflbwbjyyst cnhfybws, ljk;ys drk.xfnm gjllt
h;re HTML. Ïjnjve xnj bp-pf 'njuj dct hfphf,jnxbrb ,elen ghjljk;fnm
bcgjkmpjdfnm HTML, nfr xnj dt,-cnhfybws ,elen gj-ght;ytve yfgbcfys yf
HTML, nfr xnj ,hfepthfv ghbltncz gjllth;bdfnm tuj b n.l.
À xnj c yjdsvb ,hfepthfvb? ×nj vj;yj crfpfnm j yjds[ j,kfcnz[
Èynthytn, nfrb[ rfr WAP? Êfr yfcxtn bpextybz XML bcgjkmpez XHTML?
×bnfqnt lfkmit:
Ïhjcnj crf;bnt ytn
Êjytxyj, yjdst ,hfepths yf yjds[ gkfnajhvf[ vjuen nht,jdfnm XHTML.
Íj njulf jyb cnjkryencz c njq ;t ghj,ktvjq, xnj b cnfhst ,hfepths yf
cnfhs[ gkfnajhvf[: jyb yt cvjuen rjhhtrnyj jnj,hf;fnm ceotcnde.obt
HTML-cnhfybws, f 'nj jpyfxftn rhfqytt ytljdjkmcndj rjytxys[
gjkmpjdfntktq. Âj bp,t;fybb 'njuj, yjdst ,hfepths ljk;ys gjllth;bdfnm
HTML.
Êjytxyj, XHTML vj;tn cnfnm cnfylfhnjv lkz yjds[ j,kfcntq
Èynthytn, rfr WML cnfk cnfylfhnysv zpsrjv lkz WAP. Ýnj jlyf bp ghbxby,
gj rjnjhjq W3C hfphf,fnsdfk XHTML. Íj, jnrhjdtyyj ujdjhz, z d 'nj yt
dth.. Íjdst j,kfcnb Èynthytn nht,e.n ltqcndbntkmyj yjds[ zpsrjd, gjnjve
xnj jyb jnkbxf.ncz jn WWW, njulf rfr XHTML [jhjij gjl[jlbn njkmrj lkz
nhflbwbjyys[ WWW-cnhfybw.
Êjytxyj, XHTML vj;tn evtymibnm hfphsd vt;le HTML b XML b
gjpyfrjvbnm dt,-hfphf,jnxbrjd c cbynfrcbcjv XML. Îlyfrj z cjvytdf.cm,
xnj XML yfcnjkmrj df;ty lkz bcnbyys[ dt,-hfphf,jnxbrjd. ß yt cxbnf.,
xnj rf;lsq dt,-hfphf,jnxbr ljk;ty pyfnm XML, gjnjve xnj yt pyf. ibhjrj
bcgjkmpetvs[ ,hfepthjd, rjnjhst rjhhtrnyj jnj,hf;fkb XML yf cnjhjyt
rkbtynf. XML yf cnjhjyt cthdthf, rjytxyj, lheujt ltkj.
 pfrk.xtybb, gjdnjh. ahfpe W3C:
"Â rjytxyjv cxtnt, vj;yj ,eltn hfphf,jnfnm XHTML-rjyajhvysq
rjyntyn, rjnjhsq ,eltn ljcnegty bp k.,juj XHTML-rjyajhvyjuj
gjkmpjdfntkmcrjuj futynf"
Ýnj yt rf;tncz dfv pyfrjvsv? Ðfpdt HTML hfphf,fnsdfkcz yt lkz
dct[ nbgjd gjkmpjdfntkmcrb[ futynjd? Ìs dct pyftv, xnj ckexbkjcm c 'nbv
gkfyjv:
Ènfr, tckb HTML jcnfytncz, pfxtv gtht[jlbnm yf ,jktt ckj;ysq
zpsr, rjnjhsq bpvtybn dfib ghbdsxrb rjlbhjdfybz, yj ybxtuj yt lfcn? ß
yt db;e yb jlyjq ghbxbys yfxfnm bcgjkmpjdfnm XHTML. ß c yfckf;ltymtv
ghjljk;e gbcfnm ntub d dth[ytv htubcnht b ,ele ghjgecrfnm byjulf ntub
, tckb gjxedcnde., xnj dct ,eltn [jhjij b ,tp yb[.
Êfr b dct cgtwbabrfwbb W3C, XHTML - 'nj bynthtcyfz ntjhtnbxtcrfz
rjycnherwbz, rjnjhfz vj;tn hfpdbnmcz b csuhfnm df;ye. hjkm d Èynthytnt.
Íj gjrf jyf ,tcgjktpyf yf ghfrnbrt. Ðfphf,jnxbrb ,hfepthjd ljk;ys
cltkfnm gthdsq [jl. Îyb ljk;ys dytlhbnm gjllth;re XHTML rjycnhernbdysv
cgjcj,jv, xnj,s gjkmpjdfntkb yt jndthyekbcm jn b[ ghjlernjd. Òjkmrj d
'njv ckexft pf ybvb gjnzytncz jcnfkmyfz xfcnm dt,f.
À nt afyfnbrb, rjnjhst cxbnf.n, xnj rf;ljt ckjdj W3C bvttn cbke
Áj;mtq Çfgjdtlb b cvjnhzn yf dct[, rnj yt bcgjkmpetn XHTML, rfr yf
thtnbrjd, rjnjhs[ yflj c;txm yf rjcnht b xtv hfymit, ntv kexit, ghjcnj
jib,f.ncz. XHTML - 'nj yt j yfcnjzotv, XHTML - 'nj j ,eleotv.
Copyright 2000 (c) Peter-Paul Koch and A List Apart
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