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ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå)
"Ñrf;bnt vyt, rfrjt dbyj vyt ye;yj regbnm r rf;ljve bp ,k.l d 'njv vty.. È, rcnfnb, z yt k.,k. Ñjnthy." Ñtujlyz nhelyj ,skj ,s cjplfnm dt,-futynf, rjnjhsq cvju ,s dsgjkybnm gjbcr dby d Ñtnb, eljdktndjhz.ob[ 'njve pfghjce. Ñ[jlysv j,hfpjv, hfccvjnhbnt yfpyfxtybt rjvgm.nthyjve futyne pflfxb cjukfcjdfybz ytcrjkmrb[ vfhihenjd gentitcndbz. (Ïhbvths bcgjkmpjdfybz cvjnhbnt d ljrevtynt nht,jdfybq r OWL.) Äkz gjllth;rb nfrjuj hjlf dsxbcktybq ytj,[jlbvj gjqnb lfkmit rk.xtds[ ckjd b jgbcfnm cjlth;fybt htcehcjd, ljcnegys[ d Ñtnb. Ýnjn ljgjkybntkmysq ehjdtym bynthghtnfwbb bvttn ltkj c ctvfynbrjq lfyys[.
ßpsr dt,-jynjkjubq OWL - 'nj zpsr lkz jghtltktybz b ghtlcnfdktybz dt,-jynjkjubq. Îynjkjubz - nthvby, pfbvcndjdfyysq bp abkjcjabb, rjnjhsq j,jpyfxftn yfere, jgbcsdf.oe. ajhvs ,snbz b nj, rfr jyb jnyjczncz vt;le cj,jq. Ât,-jnyjkjubz vj;tn drk.xfnm jgbcfybz rkfccjd, cdjqcnd b b[ ghbvths. Ôjhvfkmyfz ctvfynbrf OWL jgbcsdftn, rfr gjkexbnm kjubxtcrbt cktlcndbz, bvtz nfre. jynjkjub., n.t. gjkexbnm afrns, rjnjhst yt ghtlcnfdktys d jynjkjubb ,erdfkmyj, yj cktle.n bp tt ctvfynbrb. Ýnb cktlcndbz vjuen ,snm jcyjdfys yf jlyjv ljrevtynt bkb vyj;tcndt hfcghtltktyys[ ljrevtynjd, rjnjhst rjv,bybhe.ncz c bcgjkmpjdfybtv jghtltktyys[ vt[fybpvjd OWL.
Äfyysq ljrevtyn - 'nj jlby bp rjvgjytynjd jgbcfybz OWL, zpsrf dt,-jynjkjubq, hfphf,fnsdftvjuj hf,jxtq uheggjq W3C Web Ontology (WebOnt). Ðfpltk Êfhnf ljrevtynf d Êhfnrjv j,pjht ([Êhfnrbq j,pjh], 1.1) jgbcsdftn rf;lsq bp 'nb[ rjvgjytynjd b nj, rfr jyb cjjnyjczncz lheu c lheujv.
Âjghjc, rjnjhsq djpybrftn, rjulf jgbcsdftim tot jlby XML/Web cnfylfhn, - 'nj "×nj 'nj lftn vyt, xnj yt vjuen lfnm XML b XML Schema?" Åcnm ldf jndtnf yf 'njn djghjc.
- Îynjkjubz jnkbxftncz jn c[tvs XML ntv, xnj 'nj ghtlcnfdktybt pyfybz, f yt ajhvfn cjj,otybq. Ájkmibycndj dt,-cnfylfhnjd cjcnjzn bp rjv,byfwbb ajhvfnjd cjj,otybq b cgtwbabrfwbq ghjnjrjkjd. Ýnbv ajhvfnfv lfkb 'rcgkefnfwbjyye. ctvfynbre, nbgf, "Ïj gjkextybb cjj,otybz ÇfrfpÍfÏjregre, gthtdtcnb Êjkbxtcndj he,ktq cj ÑxtnÏjregfntkz yf ÑxtnÏhjlfdwf b jngecnbnm Òjdfh." Íj cgtwbabrfwbz yt cjplfyf lkz gjllth;rb jgthfwbq dyt rjyntrcnf lfyyjq nhfypfrwbb. Ífghbvth, e yfc ytn, rfr ghfdbkj, vt[fybpvf, xnj,s pfrk.xbnm, xnj bp-pf njuj, xnj Òjdfh bvttn yfpdfybt Øfhljyt, jy ljk;ty nfr;t ,snm ,tksv dbyjv.
- Îlybv bp ghtbveotcnd OWL jynjkjubq ,eltn ljcnegyjcnm bycnhevtynjd, rjnjhst vjuen hfcce;lfnm j yb[. Èycnhevtyns j,tcgtxfn j,oe. gjllth;re, rjnjhfz yt zdkztncz cgtwbabxtcrjq lkz lfyyjq ghtlvtnyjq j,kfcnb, xnj ,skj ,s ntv ckexftv, rjulf yflj gjcnhjbnm cbcntve, xnj,s hfcce;lfnm d ghtltkf[ jlyjq cnfylfhnyjq lkz lfyyjq bylecnhbb XML c[tvt. Ïjcnhjtybt xtnrjq b hf,jnjcgjcj,yjq cbcntvs hfcce;ltybz - ytghjcnjt ltkj. Ñnhjbntkmcndj jynjkjubb yfvyjuj ,jktt ljcnegyj. Ìs j;blfybtv, xnj vyjuj uhegg ghtlghbven cnhjbntkmcndj jynjkjubq. Îyb bpdktren dsujle bp bycnhevtynjd nhtnmb[ kbw, jcyjdfyys[ yf ajhvfkmys[ cdjqcndf[ zpsrf OWL, bycnhevtynjd, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdzn fccjhnbvtyn djpvj;yjcntq, rjnjhst ,jkmibycnde jhufybpfwbq ,skj ,s nhelyj htfkbpjdfnm cfvbv.
1.1. Âbls OWL
OWL j,tcgtxbdftn nhb hfpkbxys[ gj dshfpbntkmyjcnb lbfktrnf, cghjtrnbhjdfyys[ lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz jnltkmysvb cjj,otcndfvb hfphf,jnxbrjd b gjkmpjdfntktq.
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OWL Lite gjllth;bdftn nt[ gjkmpjdfntktq, rjnjhst ye;lf.ncz, ght;lt dctuj, d rkfccbabrfwbjyyjq bthfh[bb b ghjcns[ juhfybxtybz[. Ífghbvth, ghbnjv, xnj jy gjllth;bdftn juhfybxtybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb (rjkbxtcndf 'ktvtynjd), ljgecrf.ncz pyfxtybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb njkmrj 0 bkb 1. Äkz hfphf,jnxbrjd ljk;yj ,snm ghjot d cdjb[ ghjlernf[ j,tcgtxbnm gjllth;re OWL Lite, xtv tuj ,jktt dshfpbntkmys[ cj,hfnmtd, d xfcnyjcnb, OWL Lite gjpdjkztn ,scnhe. vbuhfwb. ntpfehecjd b lheub[ nfrcjyjvbq.
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OWL DL gjllth;bdftn nt[ gjkmpjdfntktq, rjnjhst [jnzn vfrcbvfkmyjq dshfpbntkmyjcnb ,tp gjnthb gjkyjns dsxbcktybq (dct pfrk.xtybz ufhfynbhjdfyj ,elen dsxbckztvsvb), b hfphtiftvjcnb hfcceljxys[ cbcntv (dct dsxbcktybz pfdthifncz d jghtltktyyjt dhtvz). OWL DL drk.xftn dct zpsrjdst rjycnherwbb OWL c juhfybxtybzvb dhjlt hfpltktybz nbgf (rkfcc yt vj;tn ,snm xfcnysv cdjqcndjv, f cdjqcndj yt vj;tn ,snm bylbdbljv bkb rkfccjv). OWL DL nfr yfpdfy bp-pf tuj cjjndtncndbz ltcrhbgnbdyjq kjubrt [Ätcrhbgnbdyfz kjubrf], lbcwbgkbyt, d rjnjhjq bpexty bvtyyj hfphtiftvsq ahfuvtyn kjubrb gthdjuj gjhzlrf. OWL DL ,skf cghjtrnbhjdfyf, xnj,s gjllth;fnm ceotcnde.obq ctuvtyn ,bpytcf, pfybvf.obqcz ltcrhbgnbdyjq kjubrjq, b bvtnm ;tkfntkmyst dsxbckbntkmyst cdjqcndf lkz cbcntv hfcce;ltybz.
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OWL Full ghtlyfpyfxftncz lkz gjkmpjdfntktq, rjnjhst [jnzn vfrcbvfkmye. dshfpbntkmyjcnm b cbynfrcbxtcre. cdj,jle RDF ,tp dsxbckbntkmys[ ufhfynbq. Ífghbvth, d OWL Full rkfcc vj;tn jlyjdhtvtyyj hfccvfnhbdfnmcz b rfr cjdjregyjcnm bylbdbljd, b c hfdysv ghfdjv rfr bylbdbl. Äheujt ceotcndtyyjt jnkbxbt jn OWL DL d njv, xnj owl:DatatypeProperty vj;tn ,snm gjvtxtyj rfr owl:InverseFunctionalProperty. OWL Full gjpdjkztn nfrbt jynjkjubb, rjnjhst hfcibhz.n cjcnfd ghtljghtltktyyjuj (RDF bkb OWL) ckjdfhz. Ìfkjdthjznyj, xnj rfrjt-kb,j hfcceljxyjt ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt ,eltn d cjcnjzybb gjllth;fnm gjkye. gjllth;re rf;ljq jcj,tyyjcnb OWL Full.
Êf;lsq bp 'nb[ lbfktrnjd - hfcibhtybt tuj ,jktt ghjcnjuj ghtlitcndtyybrf, b d njv, xnj rfcftncz dshfpbntkmys[ djpvj;yjcntq, b d njv, xnj rfcftncz djpvj;yjcntq ghjbpdjlbvs[ pfrk.xtybq. Ïjllth;bdf.ncz cktle.obt jnyjitybz, yj yt yfj,jhjn.
- Êf;lfz ljgecnbvfz OWL Lite jynjkjubz - ljgecnbvfz OWL DL jynjkjubz.
- Êf;lfz ljgecnbvfz OWL DL jynjkjubz - ljgecnbvfz OWL Full jynjkjubz.
- Êf;ljt ghfdbkmyjt OWL Lite pfrk.xtybt - ghfdbkmyjt OWL DL pfrk.xtybt.
- Êf;ljt ghfdbkmyjt OWL DL pfrk.xtybt - ghfdbkmyjt OWL Full pfrk.xtybt.
Ðfphf,jnxbrb jynjkjubq, bcgjkmpe.obt OWL, ljk;ys htibnm, rfrjq bp lbfktrnjd kexit gjl[jlbn r b[ pflfxfv. Âs,jh vt;le OWL Lite b OWL DL pfdbcbn jn cntgtyb njuj, yfcrjkmrj gjkmpjdfntkzv nht,e.ncz ,jktt dshfpbntkmyst rjycnherwbb, j,tcgtxbdftvst OWL DL. Ïhbkj;tybz lkz OWL Lite ,elen bvtnm ;tkftvst dsxbckbntkmyst [fhfrnthbcnbrb. Ïhbkj;tybz lkz OWL DL, ghb njv, xnj bvt.n ltkj c hfphtiftvsv lbfktrnjv, d cfvs[ nz;tks[ ckexfz[ ,elen cdzpfys c ,jktt dscjrjq ckj;yjcnm.. Âs,jh vt;le OWL DL b OWL Full, ukfdysv j,hfpjv, pfdbcbn jn cntgtyb njuj, yfcrjkmrj gjkmpjdfntkzv nht,e.ncz chtlcndf vtnf-vjltkbhjdfybz RDF Ñ[tv (yfghbvth, jghtltkz.obt rkfccs rkfccjd). Ïhb bcgjkmpjdfybb OWL Full, gj chfdytyb. c OWL DL, hfcceljxyfz gjllth;rf vtytt ghtlcrfpetvf. Äkz lfkmytqitq byajhvfwbb cv. Ñtvfynbrf OWL.
Ïjkmpjdfntkb, vbuhbhe.obt bp RDF d OWL DL bkb OWL Lite ljk;ys gjpf,jnbnmcz j njv, xnj,s jhbubyfkmysq RDF-ljrevtyn dsgjkyzk juhfybxtybz, yfkj;tyyst OWL DL b OWL Lite. Ätnfkb 'nb[ juhfybxtybq j,]zcyz.ncz d Ïhbkj;tybb E Ñghfdrb gj OWL.
Êjulf vs ghtlcnfdkztv rjycnherwbb, rjnjhst hfphtif.ncz njkmrj d OWL DL bkb OWL Full, jyb gjvtxf.ncz "[OWL DL]".
1.2. Ñnhernehf ljrevtynf
×nj,s j,tcgtxbnm cdzpysq yf,jh ghbvthjd gj dctve herjdjlcnde, vs cjplfkb jynjkjubb dbyf b gbob. Ýnj OWL DL jynjkjubb. Òt bp yfib[ hfcce;ltybq, rjnjhst ,elen rfcfnmcz djpvj;yjcntq OWL Full, ,elen cjjndtncndtyyj gjvtxtys. Îynjkjubz dbyf b tls - 'nj ceotcndtyyfz vjlbabrfwbz 'ktvtynf ,b,kbjntrb DAML jynjkjubq c ljkujq bcnjhbtq. Îyf ,skf gthdjyfxfkmyj hfphf,jnfyf ÌfrÃbyytcjv rfr ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ghbvth ltcrhbgnbdyjq kjubrb, hfcibhtyysq d ext,ybr gj ltcrhbgnbdyjq kjubrt b d ext,ybr gj jynjkjubzv.
 'njv ljrevtynt vs ghtlcnfdkztv ghbvths, bcgjkmpjdfyyst d RDF/XML cbynfrcbc ([RDF], 5), ghtlgjkfufz, xnj XML pyfrjv cfvjq j,ibhyjq felbnjhbb. Íjhvfnbdysq cbynfrcbc j,vtyf OWL - RDF/XML. Çfvtnmnt, xnj OWL ,sk cghjtrnbhjdfy c vfrcbvfkmyjq cjdvtcnbvjcnm. c RDF b RDF Schema. Ôjhvfns XML b RDF - xfcnm cnfylfhnf OWL.
Âct ghbvths, ghtlcnfdktyyst d 'njv ljrevtynt dpzns bp jynjkjubq, cjlth;fob[cz d wine.rdf b food.rdf, rhjvt jnvtxtyys[ ¬ d ghfdjv yb;ytv euke.
2. Ñnhernehf jynjkjubq
OWL - 'nj rjvgjytyn bybwbfnbds Semantic Web. Ýnj gjgsnrf cltkfnm dt,-htcehcs ,jktt ljcnegysvb lkz fdnjvfnbpbhjdfyys[ ghjwtccjd gentv lj,fdktybz byajhvfwbb j htcehcf[, rjnjhfz jgbcsdf.n bkb j,tcgtxbdftn dt,-rjyntyn. Ïjcrjkmre Ñtvfynbxtcrfz Ñtnm gj jghtltktyb. hfcghtltktyf, OWL ljk;ty gjpdjkznm cj,bhfnm byajhvfwb. bp hfcghtltktyys[ bcnjxybrjd. Ýnj xfcnbxyj j,tcgtxbdftncz djpvj;yjcnm. jynjkjubq ,snm cdzpfyysvb, drk.xfz ghzvjq bvgjhn byajhvfwbb bp lheub[ jynjkjubq.
 ljgjkytybt, OWL ghtlgjkfuftn jnrhsnjcnm. Òj tcnm, jgbcfybz htcehcjd yt juhfybxtys tlbycndtyysv afqkjv bkb ntvjq.  nj dhtvz rfr rkfcc C1 gthdjyfxfkmyj vj;tn ,snm jghtltkty d jynjkjubb O1, jy vj;tn ,snm hfcibhty d lheub[ jynjkjubz[. Ñktlcndbz bp 'nb[ ljgjkybntkmys[ ce;ltybq j C1 zdkz.ncz vjyjnjyysvb. Íjdfz byajhvfwbz yt vj;tn jghjdthufnm ghtlsleoe. byajhvfwb.. Íjdfz byajhvfwbz vj;tn ,snm ghjnbdjhtxfotq, yj afrns b cktlcndbz vjuen njkmrj lj,fdkznmcz, b yt vjuen elfkznmcz.
Âjpvj;yjcnm nfrb[ ghjnbdjhtxbq - 'nj nj, xnj hfphf,jnxbr jynjkjubb ljk;ty exbnsdfnm. Î;blftncz, xnj bycnhevtyns, gjllth;bdf.obt OWL, gjvjuen j,yfhe;bdfnm nfrbt ckexfb.
×nj,s yfgbcfnm jynjkjub., rjnjhfz vj;tn jlyjpyfxyj bynthghtnbhjdfnmcz b bcgjkmpjdfnmcz ghjuhfvvysvb futynfvb, vs nht,etv cbynfrcbc b ajhvfkmye. ctvfynbre OWL. OWL - 'nj hfcibhtybt ckjdfhz [RDF Semantics] RDF. Ñtvfynbrf OWL jghtltktyf d ljrevtynt Ñtvfynbrf b f,cnhfrnysq cbynfrcbc OWL.
2.1. Namespaces
Ïht;lt, xtv vs vj;tv bcgjkmpjdfnm yf,jh rjycnherwbq, yfv yflj njxyj erfpfnm, rfrbt ckjdfhb bcgjkmpe.ncz. Ñnfylfhnysq yfxfkmysq rjvgjytyn jynjkjubb drk.xftn yf,jh j,]zdktybq XML namespace, pfrk.xtyys[ d jnrhsdf.obq n'u rdf:RDF. Ýnj j,tcgtxbdftn djpvj;yjcnm jlyjpyfxyj bynthghtnbhjdfnm bltynbabrfnjhs b ltkftn jcnfkmye. xfcnm ghtlcnfdktybz jynjkjubb ,jktt xbnf,tkmyjq. Òbgbxyfz OWL jynjkjubz yfxbyftncz c j,]zdktybz ghjcnhfycndf bvty (namespace), gjlj,yjuj cktle.otve. Êjytxyj, URI rjyrhtnys[ jynjkjubq j,sxyj yt ,elen ccskrfvb yf w3.org. <rdf:RDF xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" xmlns:vin ="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" xml:base ="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" xmlns:food="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" xmlns:owl ="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:xsd ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
Ïthdst ldt ltrkfhfwbb bltynbabwbhe.n namespace, cdzpfyysq c 'njq jynjkjubtq. Ïthdfz ltkftn 'njn namespace pyfxtybtv gj evjkxfyb., pfzdkzz, xnj bvtyf n'ujd ,tp ghtabrcjd jnyjczncz r ntreotq jynjkjubb. Ânjhfz bltynbabwbhetn namespace ntreotq jynjkjubb c ghbcnfdrjq vin:. Òhtnmz bltynbabwbhetn ,fpjdsq URI ljrevtynf (cv. yb;t). ×tndthnfz bltynbabwbhetn namespace dcgjvjufntkmyjq gbotdjq jynjkjubb c ghtabrcjv food:.
Ïznfz namespace ltrkfhfwbz ujdjhbn, xnj 'ktvtyns d 'njv ljrevtynt, ghtldfhz.obtcz owl:, ljk;ys gjybvfnmcz rfr j,hfotybt r gjyznbzv, dpznsv bp namespace, yfpsdftvjuj http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# . Ýnj - j,sxyfz ltrkfhfwbz OWL, bcgjkmpjdfyyfz lkz ccskrb yf OWL.
OWL pfdbcbn jn rjycnherwbq, jghtltktyys[ RDF, RDFS, b XML Schema datatypes. Â 'njv ljrevtynt ghbcnfdrf rdf: j,hfoftncz r gjyznbzv, dpznsv bp namespace http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# . Ñktle.obt ldt ltrkfhfwbb namespace ltkf.n gj[j;bt j,]zdktybz RDF Schema (rdfs:) b XML Schema datatype (xsd:) namespaces.
Êfr gjvjom d yfgbcfybb lkbyys[ URL xfcnj vj;tn ,snm gjktpysv j,tcgtxbnm hzl jghtltktybq ENTITY d ltrkfhfwbb nbgf ljrevtynf (DOCTYPE), rjnjhfz ghtlitcndetn jghtltktybzv jynjkjubb. Ífpdfybz, jghtltktyyst d cjjndtncndbb c namespace ltrkfhfwbzvb bvt.n pyfxtybt njkmrj rfr xfcnb n'ujd XML. Çyfxtybz fnhb,enjd - ytxedcndbntkmys r namespace. Íj d OWL vs xfcnj ccskftvcz yf bltynbabrfnjhs jynjkjubb, bcgjkmpez pyfxtybz fnhb,enjd. Îyb vjuen ,snm pfgbcfys d gjkyjq ajhvt, yfghbvth "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Ìthkj". Êfr fkmnthyfnbdf, cjrhfotybz vjuen ,snm jghtltktys, bcgjkmpez jghtltktybt ENTITY, yfghbvth: <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [ <!ENTITY vin "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" > <!ENTITY food "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" > ]>
Ïjckt 'njq gfhs ENTITY ltrkfhfwbq, vs vjukb ,s gbcfnm pyfxtybt "&vin;Ìthkj" b 'nj hfcibahjdsdfkjcm ,s d "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Ìthkj".
Âjpvj;yj, ,jktt df;yj nj, xnj ltrkfhfwbb rdf:RDF namespace vjukb ,s njulf eghjcnbnmcz, nfr xnj bpvtytybz d ENTITY ltrkfhfwbz[ hfcghjcnhfybkbcm ,s yf dc. jynjkjub.. <rdf:RDF xmlns ="&vin;" xmlns:vin ="&vin;" xml:base ="&vin;" xmlns:food="&food;" xmlns:owl ="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:xsd ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
2.2. Çfujkjdrb jynjkjubb
Ïjckt njuj, rfr ecnfyjdktys namespaces, vs j,sxyj drk.xftv rjkktrwb. endth;ltybq j yfitq jynjkjubb, cuheggbhjdfyys[ gjl n'ujv owl:Ontology. Ýnb n'ub gjllth;bdf.n nfrbt rhbnbxtcrbt dcgjvjufntkmyst pflfxb rfr rjvvtynfhbb, eghfdktybt dthcbzvb b drk.xtybt lheub[ jynjkjubq. <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <rdfs:comment>An example OWL ontology</rdfs:comment> <owl:priorVersion rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-guide-20031215/wine"/> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food"/> <rdfs:label>Wine Ontology</rdfs:label> ...
Çfvtnmnt, xnj vs bcgjkmpetv '...', xnj,s erfpfnm, xnj tcnm ljgjkybntkmysq ntrcn, rjnjhsq jn,hjity d lfyyjv ghbvtht.
Ýktvtyn owl:Ontology - 'nj vtcnj, ult cj,hfyf ,jkmifz xfcnm vtnflfyys[ OWL-ljrevtynf. Ýnj yt ufhfynbhetn, xnj ljrevtyn jgbcsdftn jynjkjub. d nhflbwbjyyjv cvsckt. Â ytrjnjhs[ cjj,otcndf[ cjplf.ncz jynjkjubb yt j, bylbdblf[, f njkmrj j rkfccf[ b cdjqcndf[, rjnjhst jghtltkz.n ghtlvtnye. j,kfcnm. Ècgjkmpez OWL, xnj,s jgbcfnm rjkktrwb. xfcnys[ lfyys[ n'u owl:Ontology vj;tn ,snm ytj,[jlbv, xnj,s pfgbcfnm byajhvfwb. j dthcbb b bvgjhnbhjdfnm jghtltktybz, jn rjnjhs[ pfdbcbn lfyysq ljrevtyn. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, d OWL nthvby jynjkjubz ,sk hfcibhty, xnj,s drk.xbnm xfcnyst lfyyst (cv. dsit).
Ànhb,en rdf:about j,tcgtxbdftn yfpdfybt bkb ccskre yf jynjkjub.. Åckb pyfxtybt fnhb,enf "", nj yfpdfybtv jynjkjubb cke;bn ,fpjdsq URI 'ktvtynf owl:Ontology. Êfr ghfdbkj, 'nj URI ljrevtynf, cjlth;fotuj jynjkjub.. Ècrk.xtybt bp 'njuj - njn ckexfq, tckb bcgjkmpetncz xml:base, rjnjhsq vj;tn ecnfyjdbnm ,fpjdsq URI 'ktvtynf yf xnj-yb,elm lheujt, xtv URI ntreotuj ljrevtynf.
rdfs:comment j,tcgtxbdftn jxtdblyj ytj,[jlbve. djpvj;yjcnm fyyjnbhjdfnm jynjkjub..
owl:priorVersion - zdkztncz cnfylfhnysv n'ujv, ghtlyfpyfxtyysv lkz gjllth;rb cbcntv eghfdktybz dthcbzvb, hf,jnf.ob[ c jynjkjubzvb. Ðf,jnf c dthcbzvb jynjkjubq j,ce;lftncz lfktt.
owl:imports j,tcgtxbdftn vt[fybpv drk.xtybz. owl:imports ghbybvftn tlbycndtyysq fhuevtyn, j,jpyfxtyysq fnhb,enjv rdf:resource.
Èvgjhn lheujq jynjkjubb gthtyjcbn dtcm yf,jh endth;ltybq, j,tcgtxtyys[ d njq jynjkjubb, d ntreoe. jynjkjub.. ×nj,s yfbkexibv j,hfpjv bcgjkmpjdfnm bvgjhnbhjdfyye. jynjkjub., ghbyznj rjjhlbybhjdfnm tt c ltrkfhfwbtq namespace. Çfvtnmnt hfpkbxbt vt;le 'nbvb ldevz vt[fybpvfvb. namespace ltrkfhfwbb j,tcgtxbdf.n elj,yjt chtlcndj, xnj,s ccskfnmcz yf bvtyf, jghtltktyyst d lheub[ OWL jynjkjubz[. Êjywtgnefkmyj, owl:imports ghtlyfpyfxty lkz njuj, xnj,s gjrfpfnm Âfit yfvthtybt drk.xbnm dct endth;ltybz lheujq jynjkjubb. Èvgjhn lheujq jynjkjubb, O2, nfr;t bvgjhnbhetn dct jynjkjubb, xnj bvgjhnbhjdfys d O2.
Çfvtnmnt, xnj owl:imports yt dctulf vj;tn chf,jnfnm. Êfr Âs vjukb ,s j;blfnm, bvtz ltkj c Ñtvfynbxtcrjq Ñtnm., ljcneg r htcehcfv, hfcghtltktyysv gj Ñtnb, yt dctulf vj;tn ,snm djpvj;ty. Èycnhevtynfkmyst chtlcndf ljk;ys jndtxfnm yf 'ne cbnefwb. d cjjndtncndbb c b[ vfythjq bcgjkytybz.
Çfvtnmnt, xnj lkz njuj, xnj,s bcgjkmpjdfnm ckjdfhm OWL Âfv yt j,zpfntkmyj ye;yj bvgjhnbhjdfnm jynjkjub. owl.rdf. Â cfvjv ltkt, nfrjq bvgjhn yt htrjvtyletncz.
Îlby j,obq yf,jh ljgjkybntkmys[ n'ujd, rjnjhst vjukb ,s ,snm hfpevyj drk.xtys pltcm - 'nj ytrjnjhst bp cnfylfhnys[ n'ujd vtnflfyys[ Dublin Core. È[ pyfxtybzvb cke;fn ghjcnst nbgs bkb cnhjrb. Ïhbvths drk.xf.n Title, Creator, Description, Publisher b Date (cv. RDF declarations).
Ñdjqcndf, rjnjhst bcgjkmpe.ncz rfr fyyjnfwbb, ljk;ys ,snm j,]zdktys, bcgjkmpez owl:AnnotationProperty. Ífghbvth, <owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="&dc;creator" />
OWL j,tcgtxbdftn ytcrjkmrj lheub[ vt[fybpvjd, xnj,s cdzpfnm ntreoe. jynjkjub. c bvgjhnbhjdfyysvb dvtcnt (cv. rfhnbhjdfybt jynjkjubq).
Òfr;t vs drk.xbkb rdfs:label, xnj,s erfpfnm lkz yfitq jynjkjubb vtnre yf yfnehfkmyjv zpsrt.
Îghtltktybt pfujkjdrf jynjkjubb pfrfyxbdftncz cktle.obv n'ujv. </owl:Ontology>
Çf pfujkjdrjv cktle.n afrnbxtcrbt jghtltktybz, rjnjhst cjcnfdkz.n jynjkjub., b d rjytxyjv cxtnt pfdthif.ncz </rdf:RDF>
2.3. Àuhtufwbz lfyys[ b ctrhtnyjcnm
Ñgjcj,yjcnm OWL dshf;fnm jynjkjubxtcre. byajhvfwb. j, bylbdblf[, cjlth;fob[cz dj vyj;tcndt ljrevtynjd, ghbywbgbfkmysv j,hfpjv gjllth;bdftn cdzpsdfybt lfyys[ bp hfpys[ bcnjxybrjd. Ët;fofz d jcyjdt ctvfynbrf j,tcgtxbdftn djpvj;yjcnm ltkfnm dsdjls bp 'nb[ lfyys[, xnj vj;tn ghbdtcnb r ytj;blfyysv htpekmnfnfv. Â xfcnyjcnb cgjcj,yjcnm dshf;fnm 'rdbdfktynyjcnm c gjvjom. owl:sameAs vj;tn ,snm bcgjkmpjdfyf, xnj,s pfzdbnm, xnj rfr ,elnj ,s hfpkbxyst bylbdbls yf cfvjv ltkt jlyj b nj ;t. Owl:InverseFunctionalProperty nfr;t vj;tn ,snm bcgjkmpjdfyj, xnj,s cdzpfnm bylbdbljd dvtcnt. Ífghbvth, tckb nfrjt cdjqcndj rfr "ÈÍÍ" zdkztncz owl:InverseFunctionalProperty, nj ldf jnltkmys[ xtkjdtrf vjukb ,s ,snm hfcwtytys rfr jlby b njn ;t yf jcyjdt njuj, xnj jyb bvt.n jlyj b nj ;t pyfxtybt 'njuj cdjqcndf. Êjulf bltynbxyjcnm bylbdbljd jghtltkztncz nfrbvb chtlcndfvb, byajhvfwbz j yb[ bp hfpys[ bcnjxybrjd vj;tn ,snm ckbnf. Ýnf fuhtufwbz vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz, xnj,s jghtltkbnm afrns, rjnjhst yt ghtlcnfdktys ghzvj yb d jlyjv bp bcnjxybrjd.
Ñgjcj,yjcnm Ñtvfynbxtcrjq Ñtnb cdzpsdfnm byajhvfwb. bp vyjub[ bcnjxybrjd - ;tkfntkmyjt b vjoyjt cdjqcndj, rjnjhjt vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz dj vyjub[ ghbkj;tybz[. Îlyfrj, cgjcj,yjcnm j,]tlbyznm lfyyst bp vyjub[ bcnjxybrjd d cjxtnfybb c vjom. kjubxtcrjuj dsdjlf OWL, ltqcndbntkmyj bvttn gjntywbfk lkz pkjegjnht,ktybz. Ïjkmpjdfntkb OWL ljk;ys ,snm pf,jnbnmcz j gjntywbfkmyjq euhjpt ctrhtnyjcnb. Ätnfkmyst htitybz gj pfobnt byajhvfwbb ,skb hfcwtytys rfr ds[jlzobt pf j,kfcnm hfccvjnhtybz lfyyjq hf,jxtq uheggjq. Ìyj;tcndj jhufybpfwbq, pfybvf.ob[cz 'nbvb djghjcfvb, ghtlkfuftn ibhjrbq cgtrnh htitybq gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ctrhtnyjcnb. Ífghbvth, cv. SAML b P3P.
3. Îcyjdyst 'ktvtyns
Ájkmibycndj 'ktvtynjd jynjkjubb OWL jnyjczncz r rkfccfv, cdjqcndfv, ghtlcnfdbntkzv rkfccjd b jnyjitybzv vt;le 'nbvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb. Ýnjn hfpltk ghtlcnfdkztn rjvgjytyns zpsrf, ytj,[jlbvst lkz ghtlcnfdktybz 'nb[ 'ktvtynjd.
3.1. Ïhjcnst rkfccs b bylbdbls
Ïhbvtytybt jynjkjubb ,elen pfdbctnm jn ghtljcnfdkztvjq t. djpvj;yjcnb hfccelbnm j, bylbdblf[. ×nj,s cltkfnm 'nj elj,ysv, vs ljk;ys bvtnm vt[fybpv, xnj,s jgbcfnm rkfccs 'nb[ bylbdbljd b cdjqcndf, rjnjhst jyb yfcktle.n yf jcyjdfybb xktycndf d rkfcct. Ìs dctulf vj;tv j,jpyfxbnm jghtltktyyst cdjqcndf bylbdbljd, yj jcyjdyfz cbkf jynjkjubq kt;bn d hfcce;ltybz[ yf jcyjdt rkfccjd.
Èyjulf vs [jnbv gjlxthryenm hfpkbxbt vt;le rkfccjv rfr j,]trnjv b rkfccjv rfr yf,jhjv, cjlth;fobv 'ktvtyns. Ìs yfpsdftv yf,jh bylbdbljd, rjnjhst zdkz.ncz xktyfvb rfrjuj-nj rkfccf hfcibhtybtv 'njuj rkfccf.
3.1.1. Ïhjcnst bvtyjdfyyst rkfccs Class, rdfs:subClassOf
Ífb,jktt aeylfvtynfkmyst gjyznbz d rfrjq-nj j,kfcnb ljk;ys cjjndtncndjdfnm rkfccfv, rjnjhst yf[jlzncz d rjhyt hfpkbxys[ nfrcjyjvbxtcrb[ lthtdmtd. Êf;lsq bylbdbl d vbht OWL zdkztncz xktyjv rkfccf owl:Thing. Òfrbv j,hfpjv rf;lsq jghtltktyysq gjkmpjdfntktv rkfcc fdnjvfnbxtcrb zdkztncz gjlrkfccjv owl:Thing. Ñgtwbabxyst lkz lfyyjq j,kfcnb rjhytdst rkfccs jghtltkz.ncz ghjcnsv j,]zdktybtv bvtyjdfyyjuj rkfccf. OWL nfr;t jghtltkztn gecnjq rkfcc, owl:Nothing.
Äkz j,kfcnb dbyjltkbz, rjnjhe. vs bcgjkmpetv d rfxtcndt ghbvthf, vs cjplftv nhb rjhytds[ rkfccf: Âbyjltkmyz, Ðtubjy b ÏhjlernÏbnfybz. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyjltkmyz"/> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Ðtubjy"/> <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÏhjlernÏbnfybz"/>
Çfvtnmnt, xnj 'nbv vs njkmrj crfpfkb, xnj ceotcnde.n rkfccs, rjnjhsv lfkb 'nb bvtyf, j,jpyfxtyyst c gjvjom. 'rdf:ID ='. Ôjhvfkmyj, vs yt pyftv gjxnb ybxtuj j, 'nb[ rkfccf[, rhjvt njuj, xnj jyb ceotcnde.n, ytcvjnhz yf bcgjkmpjdfybt d rfxtcndt vtnjr pyfrjvs[ heccrjzpsxys[ nthvbyjd. Õjnz rkfccs ceotcnde.n, r ybv ytkmpz jnytcnb ybrfrb[ bylbdbljd. Ïj njve, xnj vs pyftv d lfyysq vjvtyn j, 'nb[ rkfccf[, b[ vj;yj nfr;t yfpdfnm Âtom1, Âtom2 b Âtom3.
Âf;yj gjvybnm, xnj jghtltktybz vjuen ,snm hfcibhz.obvbcz b hfcghtltktyysvb. Â xfcnyjcnb, gjp;t vs ljk;ys ,eltv ,jkmit rjyrhtnbpbhjdfnm gjyznbt Âbyjltkmyz.
Ñbynfrcbc rdf:ID="Ðtubjy" bcgjkmpetncz, xnj,s ddtcnb yfpdfybt, rfr xfcnm tuj jghtltktybz. Ànhb,en rdf:ID ([RDF], 7.2.22) gj[j; yf fnhb,en ID bp XML. Òtgthm dyenhb 'njuj ljrevtynf yf rkfcc Ðtubjy vj;yj ccskfnmcz c gjvjom. #Ðtubjy, yfghbvth, rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy". Äheubt jynjkjubb vjuen ccskfnmcz yf 'nj yfpdfybt, bcgjkmpez tuj gjkye. ajhve "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Ðtubjy".
Äheufz ajhvf ccskjr bcgjkmpetn cbynfrcbc rdf:about="#Ðtubjy", xnj,s hfcibhbnm jghtltktybt htcehcf. Ècgjkmpjdfybt cbynfrcbcf rdf:about="&ont;#x" - rk.xtdjq 'ktvtyn d cjplfybb hfcghtltktyyjq jynjkjubb. Ýnj gjpdjkztn hfcibhbnm bvgjhnbhjdfyyjt jghtltktybt x, yt bpvtyzz jhbubyfk ljrevtynf b rjycnhebhjdfnm ,jkmibt jynjkjubb bp ,kjrjd.
Òtgthm vj;yj j,hfnbnmcz r rkfccfv, rjnjhst vs jghtltkbkb d lheub[ OWL rjycnherwbz[, bcgjkmpez b[ ;t bltynbabrfnjhs. Äkz gthdjuj rkfccf, pflfyyjuj d 'njv ljrevtynt, vs vj;tv bcgjkmpjdfnm jnyjcbntkmysq bltynbabrfnjh, #Âbyjltkmyz. Âjpvj;yj, lheubv ljrevtynfv nfr;t gjnht,etncz ccskrf yf 'njn rkfcc. Ñfvsq hfpevysq cgjcj, cltkfnm 'nj - j,tcgtxbnm namespace b jghtltktybz ENTITY, rjnjhst drk.xf.n jghtltkztvsq ljrevtyn d rfxtcndt bcnjxybrf: ... <!ENTITY vin "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" > <!ENTITY food "http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" > ... <rdf:RDF xmlns:vin ="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" xmlns:food="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" ... > ...
Ñltkfd 'nb jghtltktybz vs vj;tv j,hfofnmcz r rkfcce dbyjltkmyz bkb bcgjkmpez XML-ntu vin:Âbyjltkmyz bkb pyfxtybt fnhb,enf &vin;Âbyjltkmyz. Êhjvt 'njuj, dctulf vj;yj cjckfnmcz yf htcehc, bcgjkmpez tuj gjkysq URI, d yfitv ckexft http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Âbyjltkmyz .
Ôeylfvtynfkmysv nfrcjyjvbxtcrbv rjycnhernjhjv lkz rkfccjd zdkztncz rdfs:subClassOf. Îy cdzpsdftn ,jktt xfcnysq rkfcc c ,jktt j,obv rkfccjv. Åckb X - gjlrkfcc Y, nj rf;lsq ghtlcnfdbntkm X - nfr;t ghtlcnfdbntkm Y. Înyjitybt rdfs:subClassOf zdkztncz nhfypbnbdysv. Åckb X - gjlrkfcc Y, b Y - gjlrkfcc Z, nj X - gjlrkfcc Z. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Ífgbnjr"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#ÏhjlernÏbnfybz" /> ... </owl:Class>
Ìs jghtltkztv Ífgbnjr (;blrjcnm, ghbujlyfz lkz gbnmz) rfr gjlrkfcc ÏhjlernÏbnfybz.
 vbht dt,-jynjkjubq, j,f 'nb[ rkfccf vjuen ,snm jghtltktys d jnltkmyjq jynjkjubb, rjnjhfz j,tcgtxbkf ,s jcyjdyst cnhjbntkmyst ,kjrb lkz ibhjrjuj rheuf gbotds[ b gbnmtds[ jynjkjubq, xnj vs b cltkfkb - vs jghtltkbkb b[ d jynjkjubb gbof, rjnjhfz bvgjhnbhjdfyf d jynjkjub. dbyf. Îynjkjubz gbob drk.xftn vyj;tcndj rkfccjd, yfghbvth, Ïbof, Ñ]tlj,yfzÂtom, Ák.lj b Ìjkk.crb, rjnjhst yt jnyjczncz r pyfybzv j dbyt, yj ljk;ys ,snm cdzpfys cj ckjdfhtv dbyys[ nthvbyjd, tckb vs cj,bhftvcz cjdthifnm gjktpyst hfcce;ltybz. Ïbof b dbyj dpfbvjpfdbcbvs, b yfv 'nj ghbujlbncz, xnj,s bltynbabwbhjdfnm gjl[jlzobt rjv,byfwbb dbyf/gbob.
Îghtltktybt rkfccf cjcnjbn bp lde[ xfcntq: erfpfybt yfpdfybz bkb ccskrf b cgbcjr juhfybxtybq. Êf;ljt bp ytgjchtlcndtyyj cjlth;fob[cz d jghtltktybb rkfccf dshf;tybq juhfybxbdftn (enjxyztn) cdjqcndf ghtlcnfdbntktq jghtltktyyjuj rkfccf. Ïhtlcnfdbntkb rkfccf ghbyflkt;fn r gthtctxtyb. erfpfyys[ juhfybxtybq. (Õjnz cv. jgbcfybt owl:equivalentClass.) Ïjrf vs dbltkb njkmrj ghbvths, rjnjhst drk.xf.n tlbycndtyyjt juhfybxtybt, j,zpsdf.ott yjdsq rkfcc ,snm gjlrkfccjv ytrjnjhjuj lheujuj bvtyjdfyyjuj rkfccf.
Çltcm vs cjplftv ghjcnjt (b ytgjkyjt) jghtltktybt lkz rkfccf Âbyj. Âbyj - 'nj Ífgbnjr. Òfr;t vs jghtltkztv Ïfcnf rfr Ñ]tlj,yfzÂtom. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyj"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Ífgbnjr"/> <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">wine</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang="ru">dbyj</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">vin</rdfs:label> ... </owl:Class> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Ïfcnf"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Ñ]tlj,yfzÂtom" /> ... </owl:Class>
Êjycnherwbz rdfs:label j,tcgtxbdftn ytj,zpfntkmyjt elj,jxbnftvjt yfpdfybt 'njuj rkfccf. Èycnhevtynfkmyst chtlcndf ghtlcnfdktybz byajhvfwbb gjkmpjdfntk. vjuen tuj bcgjkmpjdfnm. Ànhb,en "lang" j,tcgtxbdftn gjllth;re hfpys[ zpsrjd. Êjycnherwbz rdfs:label (vtnrf) gjlj,yf rjvvtynfhb. b ybxtuj yt dyjcbn d kjubxtcre. bynthghtnfwb. jynjkjubb.
Ífit jghtltktybt dbyf dct tot jxtym ytgjkyj. Ìs yt pyftv ybxtuj j dbyf[ pf bcrk.xtybtv njuj, xnj jyb - dtob b yfgbnrb, yj vs bvttv ljcnfnjxyj byajhvfwbb, xnj,s cjplfdfnm bylbdbljd 'njuj rkfccf b ghjbpdjlbnm ce;ltybz j yb[.
3.1.2. Èylbdbls
 ljgjkytybt r rkfccfv vs [jnbv bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm jgbcfnm b[ xktyjd. Î,sxyj vs levftv j yb[ rfr j, jnltkmys[ bylbdblf[ d yfitv ghjcnhfycndt dtotq. Äkz jghtltktybz bylbdblf ljcnfnjxyj j,]zdbnm tuj xktyjv rfrjuj-nj rkfccf. <Ðtubjy rdf:ID="ÐtubjyÖtynhfkmyjujÏj,tht;mz" />
Çfvtnmnt, xnj cktle.ott bltynbxyj gj pyfxtyb. ghbvthe dsit. <owl:Thing rdf:ID="ÐtubjyÖtynhfkmyjujÏj,tht;mz" /> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#ÐtubjyÖtynhfkmyjujÏj,tht;mz"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy"/> </owl:Thing>
rdf:type - 'nj cdjqcndj RDF, rjnjhjt cdzpsdftn bylbdblf c rkfccjv, xktyjv rjnjhjuj jy zdkztncz.
Åcnm gfhf vjvtynjd, yf rjnjhs[ pltcm cktletn jcnfyjdbnmcz. Âj-gthds[, vs htibkb, xnj ÐtubjyÖtynhfkmyjujÏj,tht;mz (jghtltktyyfz j,kfcnm) zdkztncz xktyjv Ðtubjy, rkfccf, cjlth;fotuj dct utjuhfabxtcrbt htubjys. Âj-dnjhs[, ytn ybrfrb[ nht,jdfybq d ghbvtht bp lde[ xfcntq, xnj 'nb ldf 'ktvtynf ljk;ys cktljdfnm lheu pf lheujv, bkb lf;t yf[jlbnmcz d jlyjv b njv ;t afqkt ([jnz, d ghjnbdyjv ckexft b[ yfpdfybz ljk;ys ,skb ,s ,snm hfcibhtys c gjvjom. URI). Ïhb ghjtrnbhjdfybb dt,-jynjkjubq ye;yj gjvybnm, xnj jyb ghtlyfpyfxtys lkz hfcghtltktyyjq chtls. Îyb vjuen ,snm bvgjhnbhjdfys b hfcibhtys, cjplfdfz yjdst ghjbpdjlyst jynjkjubb.
×nj,s bvtnm d cdjtv hfcgjhz;tybb tot ytcrjkmrj rkfccjd lkz ghtlcnfdktybz cdjqcnd d cktle.ob[ hfpltkf[, vs jghtltkztv dtndm nfrcjyjvbb Âbyjuhfl c bylbdbljv, j,jpyfxf.obv cjhn dbyjuhflf Êf,thyt-Ñjdbymjy. Âbyjuhfl jghtltkty d jynjkjubb gbob: <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyjuhfl"> ... </owl:Class>
È ntgthm d jynjkjubb dbyf vs bvttv: <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÂbyysqÂbyjuhfl"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Âbyjuhfl" /> </owl:Class> <ÂbyysqÂbyjuhfl rdf:ID="ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy" />
Êfr j,ce;lftncz d cktle.otv hfpltkt, ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy - bylbdbl, gjnjve xnj j,jpyfxftn jlby rjyrhtnysq cjhn dbyjuhflf.
3.1.3. Äbpfqy lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz
Ñeotcnde.n ,jkmibt ghj,ktvs jnyjcbntkmyj hfpkbxbz vt;le rkfccjv b bylbdbljv d OWL. Êkfcc - 'nj ghjcnj yfpdfybt b cjdjregyjcnm cdjqcnd, rjnjhst jgbcsdf.n yf,jh bylbdbljd. Èylbdbls - 'nj xktys 'nb[ yf,jhjd. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, rkfccs ljk;ys cjjndtncndjdfnm tcntcndtyyj j,hfpjdfyysv yf,jhfv dtotq d hfccvfnhbdftvjq j,kfcnb, f bylbdbls ljk;ys cjjndtncndjdfnm htfkmysv j,]trnfv, rjnjhst vjuen ,snm cuheggbhjdfys d 'nb rkfccs.
Ïhb cjplfybb jynjkjubq, 'nj hfpkbxbt xfcnj hfpvsdftncz d lde[ yfghfdktybz[:
- Óhjdyb ghtlcnfdktybz: Â jghtltktyys[ rjyntrcnf[ xnj-nj, xnj jxtdblyj zdkztncz rkfccjv, vj;tn cfvjcnjzntkmyj cxbnfnmcz ghtlcnfdbntktv xtuj-nj tot. Ífghbvth, d jynjkjubb dbyf vs bvttv gjyznbt Âbyjuhfl, rjnjhjt ghbpdfyj j,jpyfxfnm yf,jh dct[ hfpyjdblyjcntq dbyjuhflf. ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy - ghbvth ghtlcnfdbntkz 'njuj rkfccf, gjcrjkmre jy j,jpyfxftn afrnbxtcrbq cjhn dbyjuhflf, yfpsdftvjuj Êf,thyt-Ñjdbymjy. Îlyfrj, ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy vju ,s cfv cxbnfnmcz rkfccjv, j,jpyfxf.obv yf,jh dct[ htfkmys[ recnjd dbyjuhflf Êf,thyt-Ñjdbymjy.
- Ïjlrkfcc bkb xfcnysq ckexfq: Ásdftn jxtym ghjcnj cgenfnm jnyjitybz gj nbge ghtlcnfdbntkm-rkfcc c jnyjitybtv gj nbge gjlrkfcc-yflrkfcc. Ífghbvth, ds,jh cltkfnm ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy bylbdbljv, zdkz.obvcz ghtlcnfdbntktv rkfccf Âbyjuhfl, f yt gjlrkfccjv rkfccf Âbyjuhfl vj;tn gjrfpfnmcz xbcnj ghjbpdjkmysv. Íj 'nj yt ghjbpdjkmyjt htitybt. Êkfcc Âbyjuhfl j,jpyfxftn yf,jh dct[ cjhnjd dbyjuhflf, b gj'njve k.,jq gjlrkfcc Âbyjuhflf ljk;ty j,jpyfxfnm gjlvyj;tcndj 'nb[ cjhnjd. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, ÂbyjuhflÊf,thytÑjdbymjy ljk;ty cxbnfnmcz ghtlcnfdbntktv Âbyjuhflf, b yt gjlrkfccjv. Âtlm jy yt jgbcsdftn gjlvyj;tcndj cjhnjd dbyjuhflf, jy cfv zdkztncz cjhnjv.
Çfvtnmnt, xnj nj ;t cfvjt hfpkbxbt djpybrftn d jnyjitybt rkfccf Âbyj. Êkfcc Âbyj afrnbxtcrb j,jpyfxftn yf,jh dct[ hfpyjdblyjcntq dbyf, yj yt yf,jh htfkmys[ ,enskjr, rjnjhst vj;yj regbnm. Â nfrjv ,s ckexft, rf;lsq ghtlcnfdbntkm rkfccf Âbyj d yfitq jynjkjubb jghtltkzk ,s rkfcc, cjcnjzobq bp dct[ ,enskjr dbyf lfyyjuj nbgf. Äjcnfnjxyj kturj djj,hfpbnm nfre. byajhvfwbjyye. cbcntve, nbgf cbcntvs extnf lkz dbyyjuj njhujdwf, rjnjhfz ljk;yf hfccvfnhbdfnm bylbdblefkmyst ,enskrb dbyf. ×nj,s gjllth;fnm nfre. bynthghtnfwb., yfif jynjkjubz dbyf, d njv dblt rfr jyf ctqxfc, gjnht,jdfkf ,s djpvj;yjcnb hfccvfnhbdfnm rkfccs rfr bylbdbls. Învtnmnt, xnj OWL Full hfphtiftn nfre. 'rcghtccbdyjcnm, gjpdjkzz yfv hfccvfnhbdfnm rjyrhtnyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz cjhnf dbyjuhflf jlyjdhtvtyyj rfr rkfcc, ghtlcnfdbntkb rjnjhjuj - ,enskrb dbyf.
Ïj njq ;t kjubrt, dbyf, ghjbpdtltyyst dbyjltkmyzvb d jghtltktyyst ujls cxbnf.ncz dbynf;tv. ×nj,s ghtlcnfdkznm gjyznbt dbynf;f, vs ljk;ys jghtltkbnm tuj vtcnj d yfitq jynjkjubb. Ïhtlcnfdbntkm rkfccf Âbyj, rfr j,ce;lfkjcm dsit, ghtlcnfdkztn rjyrhtnysq cjhn dbyf, ghjbpdjlbvjuj rjyrhtnyjq dbyjltkmytq, yfghbvth, FormanØfhljyt.
Ónjxytybt, xnj dbyj, ghjbpdtltyyjt d 2000 ujle, cxbnftncz dbynf;tv, ,hjcftn yfv dspjd, gjnjve xnj vs yt bvttv djpvj;yjcnb ghtlcnfdbnm gjlvyj;tcndj lfyyjuj bylbdblf dbyf. Ýnjn dbynf; - yt yjdsq cjhn dbyf, 'nj - jcj,jt gjlvyj;tcndj dbyf - njuj, xnj ,skj ghjbpdtltyj d 2000 ujle. Îlybv bp dfhbfynjd ,skj ,s bcgjkmpjdfnm OWL Full b hfccvfnhbdfnm ghtlcnfdbntktq dbyf rfr rkfccs c gjlrkfccfvb (gjlvyj;tcndfvb), j,jpyfxf.obvb dbynf;b. Äheujq dfhbfyn j,jqnb 'ne ghj,ktve - 'nj hfccvfnhbdfnm Âbynf; rfr jnltkmysq rkfcc, xmb ghtlcnfdbntkb bvt.n jnyjitybt r njve Âbye, dbynf;tv rjnjhjuj jyb zdkz.ncz. Ífghbvth, FormanØfhljyt2000 - 'nj bylbdbl rkfccf Âbynf; c cj cdjqcndjv zdkztnczÂbynf;tv, pyfxtybt rjnjhjuj - bylbdbl rkfccf Âbyj, FormanØfhljyt. Ìs jghtltkbv rkfcc Âbynf; yb;t .
Ötkm 'njuj j,ce;ltybz - gjrfpfnm, xnj hfpdbnbt jynjkjubb ljk;yj cnhjuj gjlxbyznmcz tt ghtlgjkfuftvjve ghbvtytyb.. Òfr;t 'nb djghjcs gjlxthrbdf.n jlyj bp ukfdys[ hfpkbxbq vt;le OWL Full b OWL DL. OWL Full gjpdjkztn bcgjkmpjdfnm rkfccs rfr bylbdbljd, f OWL DL - ytn. Îynjkjubz dbyf ghjtrnbhetncz, xnj,s hf,jnfnm d OWL DL, b gj'njve nfrbt bylbdbls rfr FormanØfhljyt yt hfccvfnhbdf.ncz jlyjdhtvtyyj rfr rkfccs.
3.2. Ïhjcnst cdjqcndf
Ìbh rkfccjd b bylbdbljd ,sk ,s cjdthityyj ytbynthtcysv, tckb ,s vs vjukb njkmrj jghtltkznm nfrcjyjvbb. Ñdjqcndf gjpdjkz.n yfv endth;lfnm j,obt afrns j xktyf[ rkfccjd b jcj,st afrns j, bylbdblf[.
3.2.1. Îghtltktybt cdjqcnd ObjectProperty, DatatypeProperty, rdfs:subPropertyOf, rdfs:domain, rdfs:range
Ñdjqcndj - 'nj ,byfhyjt jnyjitybt. Ðfpkbxf.n ldf nbgf cdjqcnd:
- cdjqcndf-pyfxtybz, jnyjitybz vt;le ghtlcnfdbntkzvb rkfccjd b RDF-kbnthfkfvb bkb nbgfvb lfyys[, jghtltkztvs[ XML Schema
- cdjqcndf-j,]trns, jnyjitybz vt;le ghtlcnfdbntkzvb lde[ rkfccjd. Çfvtnmnt, xnj ckjdj j,]trn d yfpdfybb yt cdzpfyj c RDF-nthvbyjv rdf:object ([RDF], 5.3.4).
Ïhb jghtltktybb cdjqcndf ceotcndetn vyj;tcndj cgjcj,jd juhfybxbnm 'nj jnyjitybt. Ìj;yj jghtltkbnm ljvty b lbfgfpjy. Ñdjqcndj vj;tn ,snm jghtltktyj rfr cgtwbfkbpfwbz (gjlcdjqcndj) ceotcnde.otuj cdjqcndf. Âjpvj;ys b ,jktt ckj;yst juhfybxtybz, rjnjhst jgbcfys gjp;t. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Âbyj"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Âbyjuhfl"/> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=",k.lj"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#ÏhbtvÏbob" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#ÂblÁk.lf" /> </owl:ObjectProperty>
 OWL gjcktljdfntkmyjcnm 'ktvtynjd ,tp zdyjuj erfpfybz jgthfnjhf ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ytzdyjt cjtlbytybt. Ñdjqcndj cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf bvttn ljvty Âbyj b lbfgfpjy Âbyjuhfl. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, 'nj cdzpsdftn ghtlcnfdbntktq rkfccf Âbyj c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb rkfccf Âbyjuhfl. Ìyj;tcndtyyst ljvtys jpyfxf.n, xnj ljvtyjv cdjqcndf cke;bn gthtctxtybt erfpfyys[ rkfccjd (b gjlj,ysv j,hfpjv lkz lbfgfpjyf).
Òjxyj nfr ;t cdjqcndj ,k.lj cdzpsdftn lfyysq ÏhbtvÏbob c rfrbv-nj ÂbljvÁk.lf.
Çfvtnmnt, xnj bcgjkmpjdfybt byajhvfwbb j lbfgfpjyt b ljvtyt d OWL jnkbxftncz jn byajhvfwbb j nbgt lfyys[ d zpsrf[ ghjuhfvvbhjdfybz. Â xfcnyjcnb, d zpsrf[ ghjuhfvvbhjdfybz nbgs lfyys[ bcgjkmpe.ncz, xnj,s jnckt;bdfnm dpfbvjedzpfyyjcnm rjlf. Â OWL lbfgfpjy pyfxtybq vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz, xnj,s yfcktljdfnm nbg. Ífghbvth, bp cktle.otuj jghtltktybz: <owl:Thing rdf:ID="LindemansBin65Øfhljyt"> <cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf rdf:resource="#ÂbyjuhflØfhljyt" /> </owl:Thing> ¬
vs vj;tv pfrk.xbnm, xnj LindemansBin65Øfhljyt - 'nj dbyj, gjnjve xnj ljvtyjv cdjqcndf cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf zdkztncz Âbyj.
Ñdjqcndf, nfr ;t rfr rkfccs, vjuen ,snm jhufybpjdfys d bthfh[b.. <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÕfhfrnthbcnbrfÂbyf" /> <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÖdtnÂbyf"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#ÕfhfrnthbcnbrfÂbyf" /> ... </owl:Class> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="j,kflftnÕfhfrnthbcnbrjqÂbyf"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Âbyj" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#ÕfhfrnthbcnbrfÂbyf" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="bvttnÖdtn"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#j,kflftnÕfhfrnthbcnbrjqÂbyf" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#ÖdtnÂbyf" /> ... </owl:ObjectProperty>
Ñdjqcndj ÕfhfrnthbcnbrfÂbyf cdzpsdftn dbyf c b[ wdtnjv b rjvgjytynfvb drecf, drk.xfz ckfljcnm, rhtgjcnm b ,ertn. bvttnÖdtn - gjlcdjqcndj cdjqcndf j,kflftnÕfhfrnthbcnbrjqÂbyf c ,jktt juhfybxtyysv lbfgfpjyjv: ÖdtnÂbyf. Înyjitybt rdfs:subPropertyOf d 'njv ckexft jpyfxftn, xnj xnj-kb,j cj pyfxtybtv X cdjqcndf bvttnÖdtn nfr;t bvttn cdjqcndj j,kflftnÕfhfrnthbcnbrjqÂbyf cj pyfxtybtv X.
Íb;t vs ddjlbv cdjqcndj hfcgjkj;tyÂ, rjnjhjt cdzpsdftn dtob c htubjyfvb, d rjnjhs[ jyb hfcgjkj;tys. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hfcgjkj;tyÂ"> ... <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy" /> </owl:ObjectProperty>
Çfvtnmnt, rfr jghtltktys ljvty b lbfgfpjy hfcgjkj;tyÂ. Äjvty hfphtiftn ,snm hfcgjkj;tyysv d htubjyt xtve eujlyj, drk.xfz cfvb htubjys. È nhfypbnbdyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt 'njuj jnyjitybz gj ceotcnde cjplftn ctnm utjuhfabxtcrb jghtltktyys[ ce,htubjyjd b dtotq. Òt dtob, d rjnjhs[ ybxtuj yt hfcgjkj;tyj, vjuen jnyjcbnmcz r k.,jve rkfcce, d nj dhtvz rfr nt, d rjnjhs[ hfcgjkj;tys lheubt dtob, ljk;ys zdkznmcz htubjyfvb.
Òtgthm vj;yj hfcibhbnm jghtltktybt Âbyf, xnj,s drk.xbnm gjyznbt j njv, xnj dbyj cltkfyj gj rhfqytq vtht bp jlyjuj Âbyjuhflf. Êfr b c jghtltktybzvb cdjqcnd, jghtltktybz rkfccf bvt.n vyjujrhfnyst gjlhfpltks, rjnjhst ytzdyj cjtlbytys. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyj"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Ífgbnjr"/> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf"/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:minCardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> ... </owl:Class>
Âsltktyyjt dsit juhfybxtybt gjlrkfccf <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf"/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:minCardinality> </owl:Restriction>
jghtltkztn ytbvtyjdfyysq rkfcc, rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn yf,jh dtotq c gj rhfqytq vtht jlybv cdjqcndjv cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf. Ìs yfpsdftv nfrbt rkfccs fyjybvysvb. Ârk.xtybt 'njuj juhfybxtybz d jghtltktybt rkfccf Âbyj jpyfxftn, xnj dtob, zdkz.obtcz dbyfvb, nfr;t zdkz.ncz xktyfvb 'njuj fyjybvyjuj rkfccf. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, rf;ljt bylbdblefkmyjt dbyj ljk;yj ,snm pfltqcndjdfyysv gj rhfqytq vtht d jlyjv jnyjitybb cltkfyjÈpÂbyjuhflf.
Òtgthm vs vj;tv jgbcfnm rkfcc Âbynf;, j,ce;lftvsq hfytt. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbynf;"> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#zdkztnczÂbynf;tv"/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:minCardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> ¬
Ñdjqcndj zdkztnczÂbynf;tv cdzpsdftn Âbynf; c Âbyjv. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="zdkztnczÂbynf;tv"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Âbynf;" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Âbyj" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> ¬
 cktle.otv hfpltkt vs cdz;tv Âbynf;b c b[ ujlfvb.
3.2.2. Ñdjqcndf b nbgs lfyys[
Ìs jnkbxftv cdjqcndf gj njve, cdzpsdf.n kb jyb bylbdbljd c bylbdblfvb (cdjqcndf-j,]trns) bkb bylbdbljd c nbgfvb lfyys[ (cdjqcndf-pyfxtybz). Ñdjqcndf-pyfxtybz vjuen bvtnm lbfgfpjy kbnthfkjd RDF bkb ghjcns[ nbgjd, jghtltktyys[ d XML Schema datatypes.
OWL bcgjkmpetn ,jkmibycndj dcnhjtyys[ nbgjd XML Schema. Ñcskrb yf 'nb nbgs jceotcndkz.ncz gjchtlcndjv URI lkz nbgjd http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema. Ñktle.obt nbgs lfyys[ htrjvtyle.ncz lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz c OWL:
xsd:string |
xsd:normalizedString |
xsd:boolean |
xsd:decimal |
xsd:float |
xsd:double |
xsd:integer |
xsd:nonNegativeInteger |
xsd:positiveInteger |
xsd:nonPositiveInteger |
xsd:negativeInteger |
xsd:long |
xsd:int |
xsd:short |
xsd:byte |
xsd:unsignedLong |
xsd:unsignedInt |
xsd:unsignedShort |
xsd:unsignedByte |
xsd:hexBinary |
xsd:base64Binary |
xsd:dateTime |
xsd:time |
xsd:date |
xsd:gYearMonth |
xsd:gYear |
xsd:gMonthDay |
xsd:gDay |
xsd:gMonth |
xsd:anyURI |
xsd:token |
xsd:language |
xsd:NMTOKEN |
xsd:Name |
xsd:NCName |
Âsitegjvzyenst nbgs gk.c rdfs:Literal ajhvbhe.n dcnhjtyyst nbgs lfyys[ OWL. Âct OWL-hfcce;lfntkb j,zpfys gjllth;bdfnm nbgs xsd:integer b xsd:string.
Äheubt dcnhjtyyst nbgs XML Schema vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d OWL Full, yj c ghtljcntht;tybzvb, jgbcfyysvb d ljrevtynt Ñtvfynbrf b f,cnhfrnysq cbynfrcbc OWL. <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÃjlÂbynf;f" /> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="ujl"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#ÃjlÂbynf;f" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;positiveInteger"/> </owl:DatatypeProperty>
Ñdjqcndj ujl cdzpsdftn ÃjlÂbynf;f cj pyfxtybzvb gjkj;bntkmyjuj wtkjuj xbckf. Íb;t vs ddjlbv cdjqcndj bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f, rjnjhjt cdzpsdftn Âbynf; c ÃjlÂbynf;f.
 Ñghfdrt gj OWL ([Reference], 6.2) jgbcsdftncz bcgjkmpjdfybt owl:oneOf, rdf:List b rdf:rest lkz njuj, xnj,s jghtltkbnm gthtxbcktyysq nbg lfyys[. Ïhbvth gjrfpsdftn, rfr cjplfnm owl:DatatypeProperty cxtnÈuhsÂÒtyybc c lbfgfpjyjv, drk.xf.obv 'ktvtyns cgbcrf wtkjxbcktyys[ pyfxtybq {0, 15, 30, 40}.
3.2.3. Ñdjqcndf bylbdbljd
Ñyfxfkf vs jgbitv bylbdbljd rkfccjd Ðtubjy b Âbyjltkmyz, f pfntv vs jghtltkbv yfit gthdjt dbyj, Êf,thyt-Ñjdbymjy. <Ðtubjy rdf:ID="ÐtubjyÃjhsÑfynfÊhep"> <locatedIn rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz" /> </Ðtubjy> <Âbyjltkmyz rdf:ID="ÂbyjuhflybrÃjhfÑfynfÊhep" /> <Êf,thytÑjdbymjy rdf:ID="Êf,thytÑjdbymjyÂbyjltkmyzÃjhfÑfynfÊhep" > <hfcgjkj;ty rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÃjhsÑfynfÊhep"/> <bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz rdf:resource="#ÂbyjuhflybrÃjhfÑfynfÊhep" /> </Êf,thytÑjdbymjy>
Ýnj jghtltktybt dct tot ytgjkyj. Åcnm lheubt fcgtrns dbyyjuj ,ertnf, rjnjhst jghtltktys d gjkyjq jynjkjubb. Íj xfcnb chfcnf.ncz djtlbyj. Ìs e;t vjukb ,s yfxfnm hfcce;lfnm j njv, r rfrbv geyrnfv vty. d yfitq jynjkjubb gbob gjljikj ,s 'nj dbyj. Èp gjcktlytuj jghtltktybz vs pyftv, xnj tuj bpujnfdkbdf.n yf dbyjuhflybrt Ãjhf Ñfynf-Êhep. Ïjcrjkmre 'nj Êf,thyt-Ñjdbymjy (cv. wine.rdf), vs pyftv, xnj 'nj - ce[jt rhfcyjt dbyj.
Ïjlj,ysv j,hfpjv r bylbdblfv vjuen ,snm lj,fdktys cdjqcndf-pyfxtybz. Íb;t vs jgbcsdftv ghtlcnfdbntkz rkfccf ÃjlÂbynf;f b cdzpsdftv tuj c jghtltktyysv pyfxtybtv nbgf &xsd;positiveInteger. <ÃjlÂbynf;f rdf:ID="Ãjl1998"> <ujl rdf:datatype="&xsd;positiveInteger">1998</ujl> </ÃjlÂbynf;f>
3.3. Õfhfrnthbcnbrb cdjqcnd
Ñktle.obt ytcrjkmrj hfpltkjd jgbcsdf.n vt[fybpvs, bcgjkmpetvst lkz ,jktt njxyjuj jghtltktybz cdjqcnd. Ñeotcndetn djpvj;yjcnm jghtltkbnm [fhfrnthbcnbrb cdjqcndf, xnj j,tcgtxbdftn vjoysq vt[fybpv lkz ecjdthitycndjdfyyjuj hfcce;ltybz j cdjqcndt.
3.3.1. TransitiveProperty
Åckb cdjqcndj P, jghtltktyj rfr nhfypbnbdyjt, njulf lkz k.,juj x, y, b z: P(x,y) b P(y,z) ghtlgjkfuf.n P(x,z)
Ñdjqcndj hfcgjkj;ty zdkztncz nhfypbnbdysv. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hfcgjkj;tyÂ"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;TransitiveProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&owl;Thing" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <Ðtubjy rdf:ID="ÐtubjyÃjhsÑfynfÊhep"> <hfcgjkj;ty rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz" /> </Ðtubjy> <Ðtubjy rdf:ID="ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz"> <hfcgjkj;ty rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÑØÀ" /> </Ðtubjy>
Èp-pf njuj, xnj ÐtubjyÃjhsÑfynfÊhep hfcgjkj;ty ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz, jy nfr;t ljk;ty ,snm hfcgjkj;ty ÐtubjyÑØÀ, gjcrjkmre cdjqcndj hfcgjkj;ty - nhfypbnbdyjt.
3.3.2. SymmetricProperty
Åckb cdjqcndj P gjvtxtyj rfr cbvvtnhbxtcrjt, njulf lkz k.,juj x b y: P(x,y) tckb P(y,x)
Ñdjqcndj ghbktuftnÊÐtubjye - cbvvtnhbxyjt, njulf rfr hfcgjkj;ty - ytn. Åckb ,snm ,jktt njxysv, hfcgjkj;ty yt ghtlyfpyfxtyj, xnj,s ,snm cbvvtnhbxysv. Íj d yfcnjzott dhtvz ybxnj d jynjkjubb dbyf yt ghtgzncndetn tve ,snm cbvvtnhbxysv. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="ghbktuftnÊÐtubjye"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;SymmetricProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Ðtubjy" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <Ðtubjy rdf:ID="ÐtubjyMendocino"> <hfcgjkj;ty rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz" /> <ghbktuftnÊÐtubjye rdf:resource="#ÐtubjySonoma" /> </Ðtubjy>
ÐtubjyMendocino ghbktuftn r ÐtubjySonoma b yfj,jhjn. ÐtubjyMendocino hfcgjkj;ty d ÐtubjyÊfkbajhybz, yj yt yfj,jhjn.
3.3.3. FunctionalProperty
Åckb cdjqcndj P gjvtxtyj rfr aeyrwbjyfkmyjt, njulf lkz k.,juj x, y b z: P(x,y) b P(x,z) ghtlgjkfuf.n y = z
 yfitq jynjkjubb dbyf cdjqcndj bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f aeyrwbjyfkmyj. Âczrjt dbyj bvttn eybrfkmysq ujl dbynf;f. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, lfyysq bylbdblefkmysq Âbynf; vj;tn ,snm cdzpfy njkmrj c tlbycndtyysv ujljv, bcgjkmpez cdjqcndj bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f. Ïhb 'njv owl:FunctionalProperty yt nht,etn, xnj,s dct 'ktvtyns ljvtyf bvtkb pyfxtybz. Ñvjnhbnt j,ce;ltybt rfhlbyfkmyjcnb Âbynf;f. <owl:Class rdf:ID="ÃjlÂbynf;f" /> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Âbynf;" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#ÃjlÂbynf;f" /> </owl:ObjectProperty>
3.3.4. inverseOf
Åckb cdjqcndj P1, gjvtxtyj rfr owl:inverseOf P2, nj lkz dct[ x b y: P1(x,y) tckb P2(y,x)
Çfvtnmnt, xnj cbynfrcbc lkz owl:inverseOf ,thtn d rfxtcndt fhuevtynf yfpdfybt cdjqcndf. A tckb B jpyfxftn (A ghtlgjkfuftn B) b (B ghtlgjkfuftn A). <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="ghjbpdjlbnÂbyj"> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz" /> </owl:ObjectProperty>
Ó Âby tcnm ghjbpdjlbntkb, rjnjhst gj jghtltktyb. rkfccf Âbyj juhfybxtys Âbyjltkmyzvb. Òjulf rf;lfz Âbyjltkmyz ghjbpdjlbn yf,jh dby, rjnjhst bltynbabwbhe.n tt rfr ghjbpdjlbntkz.
3.3.5. InverseFunctionalProperty
Åckb cdjqcndj P gjvtxtyj rfr j,hfnyj aeyrwbjyfkmyjt, nj lkz dct[ x, y b z: P(y,x) b P(z,x) ghtlgjkfuftn y = z
Î,hfnbnt dybvfybt, xnj ghjbpdjlbnÂbyj d ghtlsleotv hfpltkt j,hfnyj aeyrwbjyfkmyjt. Ïhbxbyf 'njuj d njv, xnj cdjqcndj, j,hfnyjt aeyrwbjyfkmyjve cdjqcnde, ljk;yj ,snm j,hfnyj aeyrwbjyfkmysv. Ìs vjukb ,s jghtltkbnm bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz b ghjbpdjlbnÂbyj cktle.obv j,hfpjv, b gjkexbkb ,s njn ;t 'aatrn, rfr b d ghtlsleotv ghbvtht. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz" /> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="ghjbpdjlbnÂbyj"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;InverseFunctionalProperty" /> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> ¬
Ðfccvfnhbdfqnt 'ktvtyns lbfgfpjyf j,hfnyj aeyrwbjyfkmyjuj cdjqcndf rfr jghtltktybt rk.xtdjuj gjkz ghb gjcnhjtybb ,fp lfyys[. owl:InverseFunctional ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj 'ktvtyns lbfgfpjyf j,tcgtxbdf.n eybrfkmysq bltynbabrfnjh lkz rf;ljuj 'ktvtyn ljvtyf.
 OWL Full vs vj;tv gjvtnbnm DatatypeProperty rfr j,hfnyj aeyrwbjyfkmyjt. Ýnj gjpdjkztn yfv bltynbabwbhjdfnm cnhjre rfr eybrfkmysq rk.x.  OWL DL kbnthfks (cnhjrjdst pyfxtybz) jnltktys jn owl:Thing, b gj'njve OWL DL yt hfphtiftn ghbvtyznm InverseFunctional r DatatypeProperty.
3.4. Îuhfybxtybz cdjqcnd
 ljgjkytybt r j,jpyfxtyb. [fhfrnthbcnbr cdjqcnd, vj;yj hfpysvb cgjcj,fvb tot ,jkmit juhfybxbnm lbfgfpjy cdjqcndf d jghtltktyys[ rjyntrcnf[. Ìs ltkftv 'nj c gjvjom. juhfybxtybq cdjqcnd. Ðfpkbxyst cgjcj,s, jgbcfyyst yb;t, vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz njkmrj d rjyntrcnt owl:Restriction. Ýktvtyn owl:onProperty erfpsdftn yf juhfybxbdftvjt cdjqcndj.
3.4.1. allValuesFrom, someValuesFrom
Ìs e;t hfccvjnhtkb jlby cgjcj, juhfybxbdfnm nbgs 'ktvtynjd, rjnjhst j,hfpe.n cdjqcndj. Äj cb[ gjh 'nb vt[fybpvs ,skb ukj,fkmysvb d njv cvsckt, xnj jyb jnyjcbkbcm rj dctv ghtlcnfdbntkzv lfyyjuj cdjqcndf. Ñktle.obt ldf, allValuesFrom b someValuesFrom - kjrfkmyst gj jnyjityb. r cjlth;fotve b[ rkfcce.
Îuhfybxtybt owl:allValuesFrom nht,etn, xnj,s lkz rf;ljuj ghtlcnfdbntkz lfyyjuj rkfccf, rjnjhsq bvttn lfyyjt cdjqcndj, dct pyfxtybz 'njuj cdjqcndf zdkzkbcm ghtlcnfdbntkzvb rkfccf, pflfyyjuj d geyrnt owl:allValuesFrom. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyj"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Ífgbnjr" /> ... <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz" /> <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Âbyjltkmyz" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> ... </owl:Class>
Ïhjbpdjlbntktv Âbyf ljk;yf ,snm Âbyjltkmyz. Îuhfybxtybt allValuesFrom yf cdjqcndj bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz yfrkflsdftncz njkmrj lkz 'njuj rkfccf Âbyj. Ïhjbpdjlbntktq Ñshf 'nj kjrfkmyjt juhfybxtybt yt rfcftncz.
owl:someValuesFrom ltqcndetn gj[j;bv j,hfpjv. Åckb ,s vs d gjcktlytv ghbvtht pfvtybkb owl:allValuesFrom yf owl:someValuesFrom, nj 'nj jpyfxfkj ,s, xnj gj rhfqytq vtht jlyj bp cdjqcnd bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz lkz rf;ljuj Âbyj ljk;yj erfpsdfnm yf bylbdblf rkfccf Âbyjltkmyz. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyj"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Ífgbnjr" /> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz" /> <owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Âbyjltkmyz" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> ... </owl:Class> ¬
Ðfpkbxbt vt;le 'nbvb ldevz ajhvekbhjdrfvb - 'nj hfpkbxbt vt;le eybdthcfkmysv b 'rpbcntywbfkmysv jghtltktybtv rjkbxtcndf.
Înyjitybt |
Ðtpekmnfn |
allValuesFrom |
Äkz dct[ dby, tckb jyb bvt.n ghjbpdjlbntktq, dct ghjbpdjlbntkb - dbyjltkmyb. |
someValuesFrom |
Âct dbyf bvt.n [jnz ,s jlyjuj ghjbpdjlbntkz, rjnjhsq zdkztncz dbyjltkmytq. |
Ïthdjt jnyjitybt yt nht,etn, xnj,s dbyj bvtkj ghjbpdjlbntkz. Åckb e ytuj tcnm jlby bkb ,jktt ghjbpdjlbntktq, nj dct jyb ljk;ys ,snm dbyjltkmyzvb. Ânjhjt jnyjitybt nht,etn, xnj,s ,sk gj rhfqytq vtht jlby ghjbpdjlbntkm-dbyjltkmyz, yj nfr;t vjuen ,snm ghjbpdjlbntkb, rjnjhst yt dbyjltkmyb.
3.4.2. Êfhlbyfkmyjcnm
Ìs e;t dbltkb ghbvths erfpfybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb. Äj ntreotuj vjvtynf 'nj ,skb erfpfybz vbybvfkmyjq rfhlbyfkmyjcnb. Ájktt njxyj 'nj ,sk gfhfvtnh owl:cardinality, rjnjhsq gjpdjkztn erfpfnm njxyjt rjkbxtcndj 'ktvtynjd d cdzpb. Ífghbvth, vs erfpfkb, xnj e rkfccf Âbynf; tcnm cnhjuj jlby ÃjlÂbynf;f. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbynf;"> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f"/> <owl:cardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:cardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class>
Ìs pflfkb cdjqcndj bvttnÃjlÂbynf;f rfr aeyrwbjyfkmyjt, xnj nj ;t cfvjt, rfr tckb crfpfnm, xnj rf;lsq Âbynf; bvttn yt ,jktt jlyjuj ÃjlÂbynf;f. Ïhbvtytybt 'njuj cdjqcndf r Âbynf; c bcgjkmpjdfybtv juhfybxtybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb pflftn ,jktt cnhjujt jnyjitybt, xnj rf;lsq Âbynf; bvttn cnhjuj jlby ÃjlÂbynf;f.
Âshf;tybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb cj pyfxtybzvb, juhfybxtyysvb 0 bkb 1 zdkz.ncz xfcnm. OWL Lite. Ýnj gjpdjkztn gjkmpjdfntk. enjxybnm jnyjitybz 'gj vtymitq vtht jlby', 'yt ,jktt jlyjuj' b 'njxyj jlby'. Ïjpbnbdyst wtkjxbcktyyst pyfxtybz rhjvt 0 b 1 hfphtitys d OWL DL. owl:maxCardinality vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz erfpfybz dth[ytuj ghtltkf. owl:minCardinality vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz erfpfybz yb;ytuj ghtltkf. Â rjv,byfwbb lheu c lheujv jyb vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz juhfybxtybz rfhlbyfkmyjcnb cdjqcndf d ghtltkf[ xbckjdjuj bynthdfkf.
3.4.3. hasValue [OWL DL]
hasValue gjpdjkztn yfv jghtltkznm rkfccs, jcyjdfyyst yf ceotcndjdfybb cgtwbabxtcrb[ pyfxtybq cdjqcndf. Ñktljdfntkmyj, bylbdbl ,eltn xktyjv nfrjuj rkfccf dczrbq hfp, rjulf gj rhfqytq vtht jlyj bp tuj pyfxtybq cdjqcndf ,eltn hfdyj htcehce, erfpfyyjve c gjvjom. hasValue. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Áehueylcrjt"> ... <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#bvttnÑkfljcnm" /> <owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#Ñe[jt" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class>
Çltcm vs j,]zdkztv, xnj dct Áehueylcrbt dbyf - ce[bt. Òj tcnm, b[ cdjqcndj bvttnÑkfljcnm ljk;yj bvtnm gj rhfqytq vtht jlyj pyfxtybt, hfdyjt Ñe[jt.
Êfr b lkz allValuesFrom b someValuesFrom, 'nj kjrfkmyjt juhfybxtybt. Îyj jnyjcbncz r cdjqcnde bvttnÑkfljcnm njkmrj d jnyjitybb Áehueylcrjuj.
4. Êfhnbhjdfybt jynjkjubq
Äkz njuj, xnj,s jynjkjubb bvtkb vfrcbvfkmysq 'aatrn, jyb ljk;ys ,snm ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytys. À xnj,s vbybvbpbhjdfnm byntkktrnefkmyst ecbkbz, pfnhfxbdftvst yf hfphf,jnre jynjkjubq, jyb ljk;ys ,snm ghbujlysvb lkz vyjujrhfnyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz. Â kexitv bp dct[ djpvj;ys[ dfhbfynt jyb ljk;ys ,snm cjcnfdktys bp rjvgjytynjd. Ífghbvth, Âs vjukb ,s djcgjkmpjdfnmcz jynjkjubtq lfns bp jlyjuj bcnjxybrf b jynjkjubtq abpbxtcrjuj vtcnjgjkj;tybz bp lheujuj, b pfntv hfcibhbnm gjyznbt vtcnjgjkj;tybz, drk.xbd d ytuj gthbjl dhtvtyb, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj lfyyjt vtcnjgjkj;tybt cj[hfyztncz.
Âf;yj gjyznm, xnj ,jkmifz xfcnm ecbkbq gj hfphf,jnrt jynjkjubb gjcdzotyf cdzpsdfyb. dvtcnt rkfccjd b cdjqcnd nfr, xnj,s vfrcbvfkmyj njxyj gthtlfnm pfkj;tyysq d gjyznbz cvsck. Ìs [jnbv, xnj,s ghjcnst endth;ltybz j xktycndt d rkfcct bvtkb ibhjrbt b gjktpyst gjcktlcndbz. Ýnj - cfvfz ckj;yfz xfcnm hfphf,jnrb jynjkjubb. Åckb Âs vj;tnt yfqnb ceotcnde.oe. jynjkjub., rjnjhfz e;t ibhjrj bcgjkmpetncz b [jhjij ghjhf,jnfyf, nj bvttn cvsck ghbcgjcj,bnm tt lkz cdjb[ ye;l.
Òfr;t pfvfyxbdj ,eltn ckbnm djtlbyj wtke. rjkktrwb. jynjkjubq. Â 'njv ckexft gjvjom cgtwbfkmyjuj bycnhevtynfhbz ,eltn gjxnb yfdthyzrf ytj,[jlbvf lkz gjllth;fybz cjukfcjdfyyjcnb.
4.1. Ýrdbdfktynyjcnm vt;le rkfccfvb b cdjqcndfvb equivalentClass, equivalentProperty
×nj,s cdzpfnm dvtcnt hzl jynjkjubq, d[jlzob[ d rfxtcndt rjvgjytynjd d rfre.-nj nhtnm. jynjkjub., xfcnj gjktpyj bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm erfpfnm, xnj lfyyst rkfcc bkb cdjqcndj d jlyjq jynjkjubb 'rdbdfktynys rkfcce bkb cdjqcndj dj dnjhjq jynjkjubb. Ýnf cgjcj,yjcnm ljk;yf bcgjkmpjdfnmcz c jcnjhj;yjcnm.. Åckb j,]tlbytyyst jynjkjubb zdkz.ncz ghjnbdjhtxfobvb (dct À - 'nj Á, d lheujq dct À - 'nj yt Á), nj yt ,eltn ybrfrjuj hfcibhtybz (yb bylbdbljd, yb jnyjitybq), rjnjhsq eljdktndjhzkb ,s gjkexf.oe.cz rjv,byfwb..
 jynjkjubb gbob vs [jnbv cdzpfnm jcj,tyyjcnb dbyf d jgbcfybz[ j,tltyys[ ,k.l j,hfnyj c jynjkjubtq dbyf. Îlby bp cgjcj,jd cltkfnm 'nj - jghtltkbnm rkfcc d jynjkjubb gbob (&food;Wine), f pfntv j,]zdbnm tuj 'rdbdfktynysv ceotcnde.otve rkfcce dbyf d dbyyjq jynjkjubb. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Âbyj"> <owl:equivalentClass rdf:resource="&vin;Âbyj"/> </owl:Class>
Ñdjqcndj owl:equivalentClass bcgjkmpetncz, xnj,s gjrfpfnm, xnj ldf rkfccf bvt.n f,cjk.nyj jlbyfrjds[ ghtlcnfdbntktq. Çfvtnmnt, xnj d OWL DL rkfccs ghjcnj j,jpyfxf.n yf,jhs bylbdbljd, yj yt cfvb[ bylbdbljd. Îlyfrj, d OWL Full vs vj;tv bcgjkmpjdfnm owl:sameAs vt;le ldevz rkfccfvb, xnj,s gjrfpfnm, xnj jyb bltynbxys dj dct[ jnyjitybz[.
Êjytxyj, ghbvth dsit ytcrjkmrj pfgenfyysq, nfr rfr vs dctulf vj;tv bcgjkmpjdfnm &vin;Âbyj dtplt, ult vs bcgjkmpjdfkb ,s #Âbyj, b gjkexfkb ,s ghb 'njv njn ;t cfvsq 'aatrn ,tp gthtjghtltktybz. Ájktt jghfdlfyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt ,skj ,s d ckexft, tckb , vs pfdbctkb jn lde[ ytpfdbcbvj cjplfyys[ jynjkjubq, b pfvtnbkb, xnj jyb bcgjkmpe.n URI O1:foo b O2:bar lkz ccskrb yf jlby b njn ;t rkfcc. ×nj,s cdtcnb b[ dvtcnt, vju ,s bcgjkmpjdfnmcz owl:equivalentClass, n.t., xnj,s gjcnekfns jn 'nb[ lde[ jynjkjubq ,skb j,]tlbytys.
Ìs e;t dbltkb, xnj dshf;tybz rkfccf vjuen ,snm flhtcfnfvb rjycnherwbq rdfs:subClassOf. Òfr;t jyb vjuen ,snm flhtcfnjv owl:equivalentClass. Îgznm nfrb, 'nj bp,fdkztn jn ytj,[jlbvjcnb bpj,htnfnm yfpdfybz lkz rf;ljuj dshf;tybz rkfccf b j,tcgtxbdftn vjoye. cgjcj,yjcnm jghtltktybz, jcyjdfyye. yf eljdktndjhtybb [fhfrnthbcnbr cdjqcnd. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Òt[fccrbtÂtob"> <owl:equivalentClass> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hfcgjkj;tyÂ" /> <owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#ÐtubjyÒt[fc" /> </owl:Restriction> </owl:equivalentClass> </owl:Class> ¬
Òt[fccrbtÂtob - 'nj bvtyyj nt dtob, xnj hfcgjkj;tys d Òt[fccrjv Ðtubjyt. Ðfpkbxbt vt;le nfrbv bcgjkmpjdfybtv owl:equivalentClass b bcgjkmpjdfybtv rdfs:subClassOf - 'nj hfpkbxbt vt;le eckjdbzvb "ytj,[jlbvjuj" b "ytj,[jlbvjuj b ljcnfnjxyjuj". Â ckexft bcgjkmpjdfybz subClassOf dtob, hfcgjkj;tyyst d Òt[fct yt j,zpfntkmyj ljk;ys jnyjcbncz r rkfcce Òt[fccrbtÂtob. Íj ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb owl:equivalentClass dct, xnj hfcgjkj;tyj d Òt[fct, ljk;yj ,snm d rkfcct Òt[fccrbtÂtob.
Înyjitybt |
Ðtpekmnfn |
subClassOf |
Òt[fccrbtÂtob(x) ghtlgjkfuftn hfcgjkj;tyÂ(x,y) b ÐtubjyÒt[fc(y) |
equivalentClass |
Òt[fccrbtÂtob(x) ghtlgjkfuftn hfcgjkj;tyÂ(x,y), b ÐtubjyÒt[fc(y) hfcgjkj;tyÂ(x,y) b ÐtubjyÒt[fc(y) cxbnftncz Òt[fccrbtÂtob(x) |
×nj,s cdzpfnm gjlj,ysv j,hfpjv cdjqcndf, vs bcgjkmpetv owl:equivalentProperty.
4.2. Èltynbxyjcnm vt;le bylbdblfvb sameAs
Ýnjn vt[fybpv gj[j; yf njn, xnj lkz rkfccjd, yj j,]zdkztn bltynbxysvb lde[ bylbdbljd. Ïhbvthjv vj;tn ,snm: <Âbyj rdf:ID="Ë.,bvjtÂbyjÌb[fbkf"> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="#StGenevieveÒt[fccrjtÁtkjt" /> </Âbyj> ¬
Äfyysq ghbvth yt ytctn ,jkmijq gjkmps. Âct, xnj vs epyftv bp ytuj - 'nj nj, xnj Ìb[fbk k.,bn ytljhjujt vtcnyjt dbyj. Ájktt nbgbxyj bcgjkmpjdfnm sameAs lkz njuj, xnj,s ghbhfdyznm lheu c lheujv bylbdbljd, jghtltkztvs[ d hfpys[ ljrevtynf[ c wtkm. eybabwbhjdfnm ldt jynjkjubb.
Çltcm vs cnfkrbdftvcz c df;ysv vjvtynjv. Â OWL ytn ljgeotybz j, eybrfkmyjv bvtyb. Òj, xnj ldf bvtyb jnkbxys lheu jn lheuf, yt jpyfxftn, xnj jyb j,jpyfxf.n hfpkbxys[ bylbdbljd.
 gjcktlytv ghbvtht vs ghjdjpukfcbkb bltynbxyjcnm vt;le ldevz hfpysvb bvtyfvb. Íj nfrjq dbl bltynbxyjcnb nfr;t vj;yj gjkexbnm gentv dsdjlf. Âcgjvybnt cktlcndbz, rjnjhst vjuen ,snm gjkextys bp aeyrwbjyfkmyjt cdjqcndf. Ïhb njv, xnj cdjqcndj bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz - aeyrwbjyfkmyjt, cktle.obq ghbvth yt j,zpfntkmyj ghbdtltn r rjyakbrne. <owl:Thing rdf:about="#BancroftØfhljyt"> <bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz rdf:resource="#Bancroft" /> <bvttnÏhjbpdjlbntkz rdf:resource="#Beringer" /> </owl:Thing> ¬
 njv ckexft, tckb 'nj yt yf[jlbncz d ghjnbdjhtxbb c lheujq byajhvfwbtq d yfitq jynjkjubb, 'nj ghjcnj jpyfxftn, xnj Bancroft = Beringer.
Çfvtnmnt, xnj bcgjkmpjdfybt sameAs lkz njuj, xnj,s ghbhfdyznm ldf rkfccf - 'nj yt nj ;t cfvjt, xnj ghbhfdybdfybt b[ c gjvjom. equivalentClass; 'nj pfcnfdkztn rkfccs ,snm bynthghtnbhetvsvb rfr bylbdbls, f 'njuj ljcnfnjxyj, xnj,s jnytcnb jynjkjub. r rfntujhbb OWL Full. Â OWL Full sameAs vj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz, xnj,s ghbhfdyznm xnj-eujlyj: rkfcc b bylbdblf, cdjqcndj b rkfcc, b n.l., b ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj j,f gfhfvtnhf bynthghtnbhe.ncz rfr bylbdbls.
4.3. Ðfpkbxyjcnm bylbdbljd differentFrom, AllDifferent
Ýnjn vt[fybpv j,tcgtxbdftn 'aatrn, ghjnbdjgjkj;ysq sameAs. <ÑkfljcnmÂbyf rdf:ID="Ñe[jt" /> <ÑkfljcnmÂbyf rdf:ID="Ñkflrjt"> <owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="#Ñe[jt"/> </ÑkfljcnmÂbyf> <ÑkfljcnmÂbyf rdf:ID="Ïjkece[jt"> <owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="#Ñe[jt"/> <owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="#Ñkflrjt"/> </ÑkfljcnmÂbyf>
Ýnj - jlby bp cgjcj,jd endth;lfnm, xnj 'nb nhb pyfxtybz dpfbvyj jnkbxys. Â hzlt ckexftd df;yj ufhfynbhjdfnm nfrbt ytgthtrhsdf.obtcz [fhfrnthbcnbrb. Átp nfrb[ endth;ltybq vs vjukb , jgbcfnm nfrjt dbyj, rjnjhjt ,skj ,s b Ñe[jt, b Ñkflrjt jlyjdhtvtyyj. Òtgthm ;t vs pfzdbkb, xnj cdjqcndj hasSugar, [fhfrnthbpe.ott dbyj, yt vj;tn bvtnm ,jktt jlyjuj pyfxtybz. Åckb ,s vs ljgecnbkb jib,re b endth;lfkb ,s, xnj dbyj jlyjdhtvtyyj b Ñe[jt, b Ñkflrjt, ,tp nt[ 'ktvtynjd differentFrom, xnj erfpfys dsit, 'nj gjlhfpevtdfkj ,s, xnj Ñe[jt b Ñkflrjt bltynbxys. Ñ 'ktvtynfvb - vs dvtcnj 'njuj gjkexbkb ,s ghjnbdjhtxbt.
Ñeotcndetn ,jktt elj,ysq vt[ |